According to ________, violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances, and learning to be violent takes place within the context of a subcultural milieu which emphasizes the advantages of violence over other forms of adaptation.

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The theory described in the question is known as the subculture of violence theory and was developed by Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang. Burguess and Park are known for their work on urban ecology, Cohen and Miller developed the theory of delinquent subcultures, Sellin and Thrasher are known for their work on gang behavior.

According to ________, Violence Is a Learned Form of Adaptation