Rice, Thapar, and colleagues (2007, 2009) attempted to uncouple the effects of genetics and the effects of smoking while pregnant on birth weight and elevated antisocial behavior. They found that

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Rice, Thapar, and colleagues found that while antisocial behavior could be linked to genetics, it was not linked to smoking during pregnancy. This suggests that the effects of smoking on antisocial behavior may be more environmentally driven than genetically driven. Additionally, birth weight was not found to be related to smoking, further supporting the notion that the effects of smoking and genetics are distinct.

Rice, Thapar, and Colleagues (2007, 2009) Attempted to Uncouple the Effects