Question 1

According to Kohlberg,the third level of moral development,characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code,is called
A) principled.
B) conventional.
C) essential.
D) pre-conventional.
E) fundamental.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's third level of moral development is called "post-conventional," and it is characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code that goes beyond societal laws and conventions. Kohlberg also referred to this level as "principled," as individuals at this stage make moral decisions based on a set of principles and values that they have developed through personal reflection and critical analysis.

Question 2

Kohlberg places 80 percent of U.S.adults in the principled level of development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests that only a small percentage of adults reach the highest level, called the post-conventional or principled level. The majority of adults operate at lower levels of moral reasoning.

Question 3

Research indicates that when faced with a question of ethics,managers tend to ignore codes of ethics and try to solve their dilemma on their own.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that managers often rely on their personal values and judgment rather than following established codes of ethics when faced with ethical dilemmas.

Question 4

There is no truth to the comment that "business ethics" is an oxymoron.

Accepted Answer

The statement that "business ethics" is an oxymoron suggests a belief that business practices inherently lack ethical principles, which is not universally true. Many businesses operate with strong ethical guidelines and social responsibility initiatives.

Question 5

Moral relativism could enable a person to justify almost any sort of decision or action,so long as it is not declared illegal.

Accepted Answer

Moral relativism is the belief that moral principles are not universally applicable and may vary depending on one's culture, society, or personal beliefs. This means that what may be considered right or wrong can differ from person to person or society to society, making it challenging to establish an objective moral standard. Therefore, someone who subscribes to moral relativism may justify their actions based on their subjective moral code, as long as it is not prohibited by law. This could lead to a situation where almost any decision or action can be rationalized, regardless of its ethical implications.

Question 6

In support of whistle-blowers,the U.S.False Claims Act gives whistle-blowers what percentage of any damages recovered in cases where the government is defrauded?
A) 1-3%
B) 15-30%
C) 25-45%
D) 50-60%
E) 60-75%

Accepted Answer

The U.S. False Claims Act gives whistle-blowers 15-30% of any damages recovered in cases where the government is defrauded. This incentive is designed to encourage people to come forward with information about fraudulent activities and to assist in the recovery of funds that have been improperly obtained. The percentage given to whistle-blowers depends on a number of factors, including the quality of the information provided and the level of assistance provided in the investigation and prosecution of the case.

Question 7

Kohlberg's pre-conventional level is characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's pre-conventional level is characterized by a person's adherence to social norms and rules to avoid punishment, rather than an internal moral code.

Question 8

Law refers to formal codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors and may or may not enforce ethics or morality.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Laws are formal regulations that regulate specific actions and may or may not align with ethical or moral standards.

Question 9

A code of ethics is important to clarify company expectations of employee conduct in various situations and to
A) reduce the burden on the judicial system.
B) make it clear that the company expects its people to recognize the ethical dimensions in decision and actions.
C) promote a high level of societal norms.
D) encourage individuals to strive for good citizenship and corporations to contribute positively to society.
E) minimize the possibility of mandatory regulations.

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics helps to communicate to employees the importance of recognizing ethical considerations in their decision making and actions. It sets expectations for conduct and helps to promote a culture of ethical behavior within the organization. While the other options may also be benefits of a code of ethics in some ways, they do not directly address the importance of clarifying expectations for employee conduct.

Question 10

"Let the buyer beware" is a traditional saying by free-market proponents who argue that customers in a free market democracy have the right to choose how they spend their money and live their lives.

Accepted Answer

The saying "Let the buyer beware" reflects the idea that it is the responsibility of the buyer to examine and evaluate a product or service before making a purchase. This is a fundamental principle of free-market economics, which emphasizes individual choice and responsibility.

Question 11

Managers who want to improve ethical behavior should take actions such as
A) communicate the code of ethics in training programs.
B) emphasize the code of ethics in performance appraisal systems.
C) follow a code of ethical behavior themselves.
D) communicate the code of ethics in policies and procedures.
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the listed actions are important for improving ethical behavior in the workplace. Communicating the code of ethics in training programs, policies, and procedures can help ensure that employees understand what is expected of them. Emphasizing the code of ethics in performance appraisal systems can encourage employees to prioritize ethical behavior. And most importantly, managers should model ethical behavior themselves, as employees are likely to follow the example set by leadership.

Question 12

Discuss some reasons for unethical behavior by business people.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss some reasons for unethical behavior by...

Question 13

Cultural norms and values seldom guide ethical behavior in business.

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and values often serve as a foundation for ethical behavior in business. They inform individuals of what is considered right and wrong in their particular society and can influence business practices and decision-making. However, it is important to note that cultural norms and values can vary across different regions and may conflict with other ethical principles, such as human rights. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to consider a range of ethical frameworks and principles when making business decisions.

Question 14

The statement,"When in Rome,do as the Romans do," reflects the essence of cultural relativism.

Accepted Answer

The statement "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" means that one should adapt to the cultural norms and practices of the place they are visiting or living in. This is the central idea of cultural relativism, which suggests that cultural practices and beliefs should be understood and evaluated within the context of the culture in which they exist, rather than imposing one's own cultural values and beliefs on other cultures. Therefore, the statement reflects the essence of cultural relativism.

Question 15

A code of ethics is a useful way to promote ethical behavior.

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics provides guidelines and standards for ethical behavior, helping individuals and organizations make ethical decisions and promote appropriate conduct. It can also enhance transparency, accountability, and trustworthiness, and foster a culture of ethical leadership and responsibility.

Question 16

According to a 2011 National Business Ethics survey,what percent of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak?
A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 30
E) 10

Accepted Answer

According to the 2011 National Business Ethics Survey, 90% of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak.

Question 17

According to Kohlberg,what stage of moral development do the vast majority of people in the United States occupy?
A) principled stage
B) conventional stage
C) essential stage
D) pre-conventional stage
E) fundamental stage

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg believed that the vast majority of people in the United States occupy the conventional stage of moral development, which is characterized by the desire to conform to social norms and expectations. Individuals in this stage may be motivated by a desire for approval or to avoid disapproval rather than by a personal code of ethics.

Question 18

What is moral relativism? What are the four types of moral relativism?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is moral relativism? What are the...

Question 19

According to Kohlberg's levels of moral development,the conventional level is characterized by considerations of society's laws and norms.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg identified the conventional level as the second stage in moral development, where individuals take into consideration society's norms and laws when making moral judgments.

Question 20

Relationship-based countries tend to be less transparent and have a higher degree of corruption than do rule-based countries.

Accepted Answer

Relationship-based countries rely on personal connections and networks to establish trust and make decisions, while rule-based countries rely on clear and consistent laws and procedures. This can create opportunities for corruption and favoritism in relationship-based countries, as decisions may be influenced by personal relationships rather than objective standards.

Quiz 3: Social Responsibility and Ethics in Strategic Management

According to Kohlberg,the third level of moral development,characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code,is called