Direct visualization of the mucosa of the trachea,the main bronchi and their openings,and most of the segmental bronchi may also include the removal of material for microscopic study,and is an integral part of the examination of patients with pulmonary symptoms such as persistent cough or wheezing,hemoptysis,obstruction,and abnormal roentgenographic changes.What diagnostic modality has been described?

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Standard bronchoscopy is the direct visualization of the mucosa of the trachea,the main bronchi and their openings,and most of the segmental bronchi.It also includes removal of material for microscopic study if necessary.Bronchoscopy is an integral part of the examination of patients with pulmonary symptoms such as persistent cough or wheezing,hemoptysis,obstruction,and abnormal roentgenographic changes.Flexible bronchoscopy on an adult patient may be completed after induction of local anesthesia or monitored anesthesia care;a child usually receives a general anesthetic.Patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy should be paralyzed and ventilation continued to minimize trauma.

Direct Visualization of the Mucosa of the Trachea,the Main Bronchi