A collaborative relationship between independent firms in which the partnering firms do not create an equity partnership is called:

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A strategic alliance refers to a relationship between two independent firms that collaborate for mutual benefit without creating a new legal entity or an equity partnership. It involves sharing of resources, knowledge, expertise, and technology to achieve common goals. Examples of strategic alliances include joint research and development projects, co-marketing agreements, and production partnerships. Franchising, joint venture, direct investment, and indirect exporting are distinct forms of business partnerships that involve different levels of collaboration and ownership.

A Collaborative Relationship Between Independent Firms in Which the Partnering