Question 1

Bill believes that children need physical punishment and are usually not competent enough to make their own decisions or be involved in family decisions. Diana Baumrind would characterize his parenting style as ____.
A) authoritarian
B) neglectful
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Accepted Answer

Bill's belief that children need physical punishment and his view that they are not competent enough to make their own decisions suggests that he is an authoritarian parent. An authoritarian parent values obedience above all and uses physical punishment as a means of discipline.

Question 2

Children with an avoidant attachment appear to ____.
A) become very upset when parents leave
B) ignore their parents
C) cling to parents
D) use their parents as a base as they explore their environment

Accepted Answer

Children with an avoidant attachment tend to ignore their parents and may not show much emotion when their parents leave or return. They often do not seek comfort from their parents when distressed and may seem emotionally distant from them.

Question 3

A four-year-old child who ambitiously seeks to discover his environment and its expectations of him, would be in Erikson's stage of ____.
A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) initiative versus guilt
D) trust versus mistrust

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt encompasses the ages of 3-6 years old, during which a child is eager to explore and learn about the world. This stage involves developing a sense of purpose and initiative, which can lead to feelings of guilt if the child is overly criticized or discouraged. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (A) is the stage of ages 1-3, trust versus mistrust (D) is the stage of infancy, and industry versus inferiority (B) is the stage of middle childhood.

Question 4

Which progression represents the correct sequence of Erik Erikson's childhood stages of psychosocial development?
A) Autonomy, industry, initiative, trust
B) Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry
C) Initiative, trust, autonomy, industry
D) Industry, initiative, trust, autonomy

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence of Erik Erikson's childhood stages of psychosocial development is trust (0-1 years), autonomy (1-3 years), initiative (3-6 years), and industry (6-12 years). Choice B represents the correct sequence in ascending order.

Question 5

Harry Harlow's research with "surrogate mothers" and monkeys showed that ____.
A) attachment is facilitated more by close, warm contact than by feeding
B) aggressive behavior in childhood is caused by abusive parenting
C) children who are deprived of maternal contact will show retarded intellectual development
D) the authoritarian parenting style leads to the most positive outcomes for children

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research demonstrated that the monkeys preferred the surrogate mother that provided warm contact rather than the one that provided food, highlighting the importance of close contact and bonding in establishing attachment.

Question 6

Kathy remains close to her father at all times, rarely exploring new environments or objects. She shows extreme distress if her father leaves and appears to be angry at him when he returns. Ainsworth would characterize Kathy's attachment as ____.
A) avoidant
B) secure
C) oppositional
D) resistant

Accepted Answer

Kathy's behavior shows resistance to her father's absence and anger upon his return, which aligns with the Definition of Resistant Attachment style.

Question 7

Trey wants to play basketball in a local league. He and his mom sit down and discuss what grades he will have to maintain in order to play on the basketball team. They also agree on what the consequences will be if Trey does not maintain his grades. Trey's mom is most likely a(n) ____ parent.
A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) indulgent

Accepted Answer

An authoritative parent sets clear expectations and consequences for their child's behavior, but also takes the time to explain the reasoning behind these rules and allow for some flexibility. Trey's mom is discussing and negotiating with him about his grades and the consequences, rather than simply dictating them, which is a hallmark of authoritative parenting. Authoritarian parents are strict and inflexible, while permissive or indulgent parents are more lenient and hands-off in their approach.

Question 8

Two early signs of attachment are ____.
A) crying behavior and tantrum behavior
B) separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
C) egocentrism and stimulus seeking behavior
D) autonomous behavior and initiative reducing behavior

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety are two early signs of attachment. Separation anxiety is when a child becomes upset or anxious when separated from their caregiver or a familiar person, while stranger anxiety is when a child becomes fearful or uncomfortable around unfamiliar people. These behaviors typically emerge at around 6-8 months of age, when infants start to develop a sense of self and begin to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people and environments. Crying behavior and tantrum behavior are not necessarily signs of attachment, as they can be a result of a variety of factors such as hunger or fatigue. Egocentrism and stimulus seeking behavior are also not directly related to attachment, as they are more related to cognitive development and exploration of the environment. Autonomous behavior and initiative reducing behavior are not early signs of attachment, as they are more related to child development in later stages.

Question 9

If you are doing a research paper on Erik Erikson's theory, your topic will most likely focus on ____ development.
A) physical
B) cognitive
C) moral
D) psychosocial

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory focuses on psychosocial development, which refers to the development of an individual's personality, social skills, and interactions with the environment throughout their life span. The theory includes eight stages of development, each with a unique psychosocial crisis that must be resolved to foster healthy development.

Question 10

The strange situation procedure is used to measure ____.
A) attachment style
B) temperament style
C) parenting style
D) egocentrism

Accepted Answer

The strange situation procedure is a test used by psychologists to determine the attachment style of infants aged 12 to 18 months. It involves observing the behavior of an infant and their caregiver in a controlled environment to determine the nature of their attachment relationship. It was developed by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s and has become a widely used tool in developmental psychology.

Question 11

Research on parenting styles generally suggests that ____.
A) children of authoritarian parents tend to be self-confident and self-reliant
B) children of permissive parents tend to be very mature
C) children influence the type of parenting style that parents use
D) no parenting style is better than another one

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the behavior and temperament of children can influence the parenting style their parents adopt. This suggests a bidirectional relationship where not only do parents affect their children's development through their parenting style, but children's behavior can also influence how parents choose to raise them.

Question 12

Joshua is very clingy with his parents. He generally refuses to move more than short distances from them and shows extreme distress when they leave. His behavior most likely reflects a(n) ____ attachment.
A) secure
B) resistant
C) permissive
D) avoidant

Accepted Answer

Joshua's behavior is consistent with resistant attachment, characterized by anxiety and preoccupation with the caregiver's availability, combined with resistance to comfort from the caregiver. This attachment style is typically seen in children who have experienced inconsistent parenting, leading to a sense of unpredictability in the caregiver's responses.

Question 13

If your child is around one year of age, it is likely that she ____.
A) experiences separation anxiety, but has outgrown stranger anxiety
B) experiences stranger anxiety, but has outgrown separation anxiety
C) had yet to experience both separation and stranger anxiety
D) experiences both separation and stranger anxiety

Accepted Answer

Around the age of one year, children typically experience both separation and stranger anxiety. They may become upset when separated from their caregiver and also show distress around unfamiliar people.

Question 14

When a parent of an easy child takes advantage of the child's positive and flexible nature and does not provide a lot of stimulation or guidance, the outcome may not be positive. This provides a good example of the importance of ____.
A) a child's temperament
B) parenting styles
C) the "goodness-of-fit" between parenting style and the child's temperament
D) the "zone of proximal development" of the child

Accepted Answer

The "goodness-of-fit" refers to the match between a child's temperament and their parent's parenting style. In the scenario given, the parent is not providing the appropriate level of stimulation and guidance for their easy child, indicating a mismatch between parenting style and child temperament. This highlights the importance of finding a parenting style that fits the needs of the child's temperament for optimal outcomes.

Question 15

Dory cries whenever visitors come to her parents' home. Dory is exhibiting ____.
A) separation anxiety
B) attachment to her father
C) stranger anxiety
D) object permanence

Accepted Answer

Dory's behavior of crying upon the arrival of visitors suggests that she is experiencing stranger anxiety, which is a common developmental milestone when infants and young children become fearful or wary of unfamiliar people. Separation anxiety refers to distress when separated from a caregiver, attachment to her father may or may not be present, and object permanence is the concept that objects still exist even when they are out of sight, which is not relevant to Dory's behavior.

Question 16

Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____.
A) avoidant
B) secure
C) resistant
D) emotional

Accepted Answer

Jamail's lack of distress and emotional response when his mother leaves and returns suggests that he is not strongly attached to her. This behavior is consistent with the avoidant attachment style, characterized by a lack of emotional expression and a tendency to avoid seeking comfort from attachment figures.

Question 17

If you conducted a study similar to that of Harry Harlow on attachment in monkeys, you should expect to find that your monkey subjects would spend more time with a "mother" who ____.
A) met more biological needs
B) provided warm and close contact
C) allowed for more freedom
D) created a fun and enjoyable context

Accepted Answer

According to Harry Harlow's study, monkeys preferred a "mother" who provided warm and close contact over one who met more biological needs or created a fun and enjoyable context.

Question 18

Shem spent most of his early years crying. He had an irregular pattern of sleeping and eating, and did not easily adapt to changes to his routines. Shem most likely has a(n) ____ temperament.
A) slow-to-warm up
B) difficult
C) easy
D) secure

Accepted Answer

Shem's irregular sleeping and eating patterns and difficulty adapting to changes indicate a difficult temperament. Additionally, his frequent crying is another characteristic of a difficult temperament. Slow-to-warm up temperament refers to children who are initially hesitant in new situations but eventually adapt, while easy temperament children are adaptable and have regular sleeping and eating patterns. Secure temperament refers to a child who has a positive and responsive relationship with their caregiver, which is not described in the given scenario.

Question 19

Jordan believes that a parent should emphasize friendship and affection over discipline with children, and that children should have very few demands placed on them. Diana Baumrind would characterize Jordan's parenting style as ____.
A) permissive-neglectful
B) permissive-indulgent
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Accepted Answer

Jordan's parenting style is permissive-indulgent as she places emphasis on friendship and affection over discipline and places very few demands on the children.

Question 20

According to Erik Erikson, an infant whose needs are not met by its caregivers is likely to develop ____.
A) autonomy
B) guilt
C) inferiority
D) mistrust

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, during the first stage (infancy), the primary task is to develop a sense of trust versus mistrust. If an infant's needs are not consistently met by their caregivers, they may develop a sense of mistrust towards others and the world around them. This can have negative impacts on their future development and relationships with others. Therefore, the best answer is D- mistrust.

Quiz 9: Human Development

Bill believes that children need physical punishment and are usually not competent enough to make their own decisions or be involved in family decisions. Diana Baumrind would characterize his parenting style as ____.

Children with an avoidant attachment appear to ____.

A four-year-old child who ambitiously seeks to discover his environment and its expectations of him, would be in Erikson's stage of ____.

Which progression represents the correct sequence of Erik Erikson's childhood stages of psychosocial development?

Harry Harlow's research with "surrogate mothers" and monkeys showed that ____.

Kathy remains close to her father at all times, rarely exploring new environments or objects. She shows extreme distress if her father leaves and appears to be angry at him when he returns. Ainsworth would characterize Kathy's attachment as ____.

Trey wants to play basketball in a local league. He and his mom sit down and discuss what grades he will have to maintain in order to play on the basketball team. They also agree on what the consequences will be if Trey does not maintain his grades. Trey's mom is most likely a(n) ____ parent.

Two early signs of attachment are ____.

If you are doing a research paper on Erik Erikson's theory, your topic will most likely focus on ____ development.

The strange situation procedure is used to measure ____.

Research on parenting styles generally suggests that ____.

Joshua is very clingy with his parents. He generally refuses to move more than short distances from them and shows extreme distress when they leave. His behavior most likely reflects a(n) ____ attachment.

If your child is around one year of age, it is likely that she ____.

When a parent of an easy child takes advantage of the child's positive and flexible nature and does not provide a lot of stimulation or guidance, the outcome may not be positive. This provides a good example of the importance of ____.

Dory cries whenever visitors come to her parents' home. Dory is exhibiting ____.

Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____.

If you conducted a study similar to that of Harry Harlow on attachment in monkeys, you should expect to find that your monkey subjects would spend more time with a "mother" who ____.

Shem spent most of his early years crying. He had an irregular pattern of sleeping and eating, and did not easily adapt to changes to his routines. Shem most likely has a(n) ____ temperament.

Jordan believes that a parent should emphasize friendship and affection over discipline with children, and that children should have very few demands placed on them. Diana Baumrind would characterize Jordan's parenting style as ____.

According to Erik Erikson, an infant whose needs are not met by its caregivers is likely to develop ____.