Question 1

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.

Accepted Answer

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing fear in the expressions of other people, not sadness.

Question 2

What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.

Accepted Answer

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is largely universal across cultures, identifying six basic emotions that are recognized around the world: happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise.

Question 4

The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Fear conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a tone) with an aversive stimulus (such as a shock) to elicit a fear response. Studies have shown that the amygdala plays a key role in this process, as it processes and associates the two stimuli and ultimately forms a fear memory.

Question 5

Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.

Accepted Answer

The recognition of basic facial expressions is primarily processed in the fusiform gyrus and other areas, while the amygdala is more involved in processing emotional responses and fear.

Question 6

When someone is emotionally aroused, the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact in learning and memory? Under what conditions will the amygdala play a role in hippocampus-based learning? Under what conditions will it not?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Emotional regulation refers to the processes that influence emotions in which of the following ways?
A)the type of emotions we have
B)when emotions occur
C)how emotions are experienced and expressed
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Accepted Answer

Emotional regulation involves multiple processes that can influence the type of emotions we have, when emotions occur, and how emotions are experienced and expressed. Therefore, all of the answer options are correct.

Question 9

In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text, simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Accepted Answer

The text states that "simple geometric shapes like a blue square" are often used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments.

Question 10

Describe a potential real-world scenario in which you might experience fear conditioning. What are the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in your scenario?

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolates in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, "That's actually better for me. Now I don't have to eat all those calories." What have you done?
A)antecedent-focused regulation
B)reappraisal
C)reduction of your anger
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Accepted Answer

Reappraisal is a form of antecedent-focused regulation, and it can lead to a reduction of anger.

Question 12

Describe the different brain areas involved in emotion. What role does the amygdala play in these systems? How does it differ from the role of other brain areas?

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

EEG studies have found that those with more ________ activity are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.
A)anterior
B)posterior
C)right-sided
D)left-sided

Accepted Answer

EEG studies have shown that individuals with more left-sided brain activity are better at voluntarily suppressing negative emotions. This is because the left hemisphere is often associated with positive emotions and approach behaviors, while the right hemisphere is more linked to negative emotions and withdrawal behaviors.

Question 14

A common conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.

Accepted Answer

In fear-conditioning experiments, the electric shock is typically used as the unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits a fear response, while a neutral stimulus like a tone or light is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) that becomes associated with the shock.

Question 15

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion?
A)left lateral prefrontal cortex
B)left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
C)left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)left rostromedial prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the "high road" and has a cortical component.

Accepted Answer

The "high road" pathway involves sensory information processed by the cortex before reaching the amygdala, while the "low road" pathway involves more direct subcortical connections.

Question 17

The Papez circuit includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The Papez circuit is a neural pathway in the brain that includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus, as well as the mammillary bodies and fornix.

Question 18

What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer, describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does (or does not) play a role.

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

How might you investigate the assertion that basic facial expressions of emotion are universal, rather than being culturally relative? Describe an experiment that might inform this issue.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala plays a primary role in implicit learning, particularly in relation to fear conditioning, which involves the learning of an association between a previously neutral stimulus and an aversive outcome. This type of learning is often unconscious and automatic, which is why it is considered implicit.

Quiz 10: Emotion