Question 1

After her mother says,"No,you may not eat any cookies" Sandra takes some cookies from the cookie jar and eats them when her mother isn't looking.Later,she feels bad because she knows this was not a good thing to do.Sandra's attitude indicates that her

Accepted Answer

Sandra's guilt indicates that she is aware of the rules and values imposed on her by society and her parents, which are represented by her superego. This suggests that her superego is reasonably well developed. The fact that she still took the cookies despite her mother's prohibition suggests that her id (impulsive, pleasure-seeking component of personality) may have temporarily taken over, but her guilt indicates that her superego is still functioning, suppressing the impulses of the id. Therefore, option C is the best answer. Neither option A nor B can be considered the best answer, as they do not explain why Sandra feels guilty. Option D is irrelevant here.

Question 2

Which defense mechanism involves removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness?

Accepted Answer

Repression involves the unconscious removal of unacceptable thoughts, desires, or memories from consciousness. This defense mechanism allows the individual to avoid the anxiety or distress that these thoughts may cause, but they still may influence their behavior unconsciously. Option A, Reaction formation involves expressing a reaction opposite to how one truly feels. Option B, Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or emotions to another person. Option C, Regression involves reverting to an earlier stage of development or behavior in response to stress or anxiety.

Question 3

Marcus believes that his daughter Anita acts the way she does because of the unconscious workings of her mind.This belief best matches with the _____ theory of development.

Accepted Answer

Marcus's belief that his daughter's behavior is influenced by the unconscious workings of her mind aligns with the psychoanalytic theory of development, which posits that early childhood experiences and unconscious motivations shape an individual's behavior and personality in adulthood.

Question 4

The statement,"change is different from person to person because cultures differ from person to person," best fits with the _____ approach to development.

Accepted Answer

The context-specific approach to development emphasizes that cultural and contextual factors influence development, and that change may vary from person to person due to cultural differences. This approach recognizes the importance of considering the individual's cultural background and environment when studying development. The other options (discontinuity, passivity, and universality) do not directly address the influence of cultural factors on development.

Question 5

Jerome believes that development proceeds through a series of developmental stages,each of which represents distinct changes.He might best be called a(n)_____ theorist.

Accepted Answer

Jerome believes in the concept of distinct developmental stages, which is a characteristic of discontinuity theories. Learning theories would focus on how experiences and environment shape behavior, while activity theories would focus on how individuals actively create their own development. Context-specificity theories would focus on the importance of considering cultural and social context in development.

Question 6

A parent who falls on the "activity" side of the "activity-passivity" issue is most likely to believe that

Accepted Answer

The "activity" side of the "activity-passivity" issue emphasizes the role of individuals, including children, in shaping their own development, suggesting that children are active participants in their growth and learning processes.

Question 7

A reasonable criticism of Freudian psychoanalytic theory is that it puts too little emphasis on the

Accepted Answer

Freudian psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for its lack of empirical evidence and reliance on case studies, which do not provide the hard data typically required to support scientific findings. Freud's theories were largely based on observations and interpretations of his patients' behaviors and thoughts, rather than on quantitative data.

Question 8

Brynn is three years old.She has been out of diapers for over a year.When her mother comes home from the hospital with a new baby brother,Brynn begins to suck her thumb and wet the bed at night.According to Freud,Brynn is experiencing

Accepted Answer

Regression is the act of returning to a previous stage of development, typically due to stress or anxiety. Brynn's behavior of sucking her thumb and wetting the bed at night after the arrival of her new sibling suggests that she is experiencing regressive behavior.

Question 9

The universality-context-specificity issue is concerned with whether

Accepted Answer

The universality-context-specificity issue is concerned with whether we all follow the same or different developmental paths, regardless of environmental or cultural factors. It investigates whether there are universal patterns of development that all individuals go through or if context-specific factors such as culture, ethnicity, and geographical location influence the course of development.

Question 10

One strength of Freud's approach to development is his description of how

Accepted Answer

Freud's approach emphasizes the role of early experiences, particularly those in childhood, in shaping later development. According to Freud, the experiences a person has during the first few years of life have a major impact on their personality and behavior in adulthood. This emphasis on early experience is one of the strengths of his approach because it highlights the importance of childhood in setting the stage for future development.

Question 11

A theory guides all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The theory guides what can be studied, how it should be studied, and what can be hypothesized about. However, it does not dictate how many times an issue should be studied. That decision is usually based on research methodology, sample size, and other practical considerations.

Question 12

To control anxiety,the ego is most likely to

Accepted Answer

To control anxiety, the ego is most likely to adopt defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are used by the ego to cope with anxiety arising from conflicting demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego uses these mechanisms to distort reality, repress thoughts and feelings, and substitute harmless thoughts for anxiety-producing ones. The purpose of defense mechanisms is to reduce the conflict and anxiety so that the individual can function in a more adaptive manner.

Question 13

Qualitative changes are best thought of as changes in _____,while quantitative changes are best thought of as changes in _____.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative changes involve a change in the kind or type of something, such as a caterpillar changing into a butterfly, while quantitative changes involve a change in degree or amount, such as adding more water to a cup.

Question 14

According to Freud,the primary mission of the ego is to

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the primary mission of the ego is to help the child find realistic ways to get needs met. The ego balances the id's impulses for immediate gratification with the constraints of reality, ensuring that the individual's needs are met in a socially acceptable and appropriate manner. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because the superego helps the child learn right from wrong, not the ego. Option B is incorrect because the ego does not directly influence self-esteem. Option D is incorrect because the ego does not prioritize immediate gratification over reality.

Question 15

With regard to the nature-nurture debate,a strong believer in nature would suggest that

Accepted Answer

A strong believer in nature would suggest that maturation forces (genetic influences) are more influential than environmental experiences in determining human behavior. This perspective emphasizes the role of genetics and downplays the impact of environmental factors.

Question 16

In comparison to Freud,Erikson placed greater emphasis on

Accepted Answer

While Freud focused heavily on the importance of early childhood experiences and infantile sexuality, Erikson expanded upon Freud's theory to include development beyond adolescence, emphasizing the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping identity and personality.

Therefore, the best choice from the given options is B - development after adolescence.

Question 17

Lindsey argues that she is not responsible for any of her bad behavior as she is driven by biological and environmental factors over which she has no control.This belief best exemplifies the _____ position on development.

Accepted Answer

The passivity position on development emphasizes the role of external factors in shaping an individual's behavior, while minimizing the influence of their own choices and actions. Lindsey's belief that she is not responsible for her behavior due to biological and environmental factors reflects this passivity position. The other options (discontinuity, continuity, and activity) do not directly relate to Lindsey's belief about her lack of control over her behavior.

Question 18

Because Dr.Patel falls on the "nurture" side of the nature-nurture controversy,she is most likely to believe that

Accepted Answer

The "nurture" side of the nature-nurture controversy emphasizes the impact of environmental factors and experiences on development. Therefore, Dr. Patel would likely believe that a mother's care, as an environmental factor, can greatly impact the development of a child.

Question 19

The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved through the process of

Accepted Answer

The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud, which suggests that young boys experience sexual desire for their mother and see their father as a rival for her affection. The resolution of this complex occurs when the boy identifies with his father and adopts his gender identity and values. This process is known as identification, and it is the successful outcome of the Oedipal conflict. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 20

Lisa and Lyle both want to stay up past their bedtimes to watch a show on TV.When their parents say "No," Lisa throws a fit,while Lyle says,"Please? I'll brush my teeth and get into PJs so that I can just pop into bed the minute the show is over!" From a Freudian perspective,Lisa is responding from her _____,while Lyle is communicating through his _____.

Accepted Answer

Lisa is acting from her id, which is the part of the personality that contains our primitive impulses such as thirst, anger, and the desire for immediate gratification. Lyle, on the other hand, is using his ego, which operates based on the reality principle, trying to find realistic ways to satisfy his desires within the constraints of social acceptability.

Quiz 2: Theories of Human Development