Question 1

Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?
A)titan
B)collagen
C)hemoglobin
D)trabecular bone

Accepted Answer

Collagen is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to. This combination of collagen and hydroxyapatite gives bone its strength and hardness. The other options (A) titan, (C) hemoglobin, and (D) trabecular bone are not responsible for bone matrix formation.

Question 2

Eighty percent of bone is made up of:
A)spongy bone.
B)collagen.
C)cortical bone.
D)trabecular bone.

Accepted Answer

Cortical bone, also known as compact bone, makes up the outer layer of bones and accounts for about 80% of the total bone mass in adults. It is dense and provides strength and support to the body. Spongy bone, also known as trabecular bone, makes up the inner layer of bones and accounts for about 20% of the total bone mass. Collagen is a protein found in bone and other connective tissues, but it does not make up 80% of bone mass.

Question 3

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?
A)2 years
B)puberty
C)21 years
D)30 years

Accepted Answer

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by the age of 30, as bone density continues to increase throughout adolescence and early adulthood before reaching its maximum.

Question 4

Which is the most abundant mineral in our body?
A)calcium
B)iron
C)phosphorus
D)fluoride

Accepted Answer

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, primarily found in bones and teeth, where it plays a crucial role in structural support.

Question 5

Bone cells that are responsible for eroding the bone surface during resorption are called:
A)osteoclasts.
B)cortical.
C)osteoblasts.
D)trabecular.

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts are the bone cells responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue. They secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the bone matrix, allowing calcium and other minerals to be released into the bloodstream.

Question 6

Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall?
A)parathyroid hormone
B)hydroxyapatite
C)calcitonin
D)thyroxin

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels fall. Its main function is to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the breakdown of bone tissue and the release of calcium ions into the bloodstream.

Question 7

At about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?
A)10
B)20
C)40
D)60

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption generally begins to occur more rapidly than bone formation around the age of 40. This imbalance can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis.

Question 8

Which of the following T-scores indicates osteoporosis?
A)-3
B)-2
C)0
D)2

Accepted Answer

A T-score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis. A T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates low bone mass (osteopenia).

Question 9

A T-score between -1 and 1 on a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)signifies:
A)lower than normal bone density.
B)osteoporosis.
C)normal bone density.
D)growing bone.

Accepted Answer

A T-score between -1 and 1 on a DXA indicates normal bone density. T-scores below -1 signify lower than normal bone density, and scores below -2.5 indicate osteoporosis. A T-score above 1 indicates higher than average bone density or growing bone.

Question 10

The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called:
A)cortical.
B)spongy.
C)collagen.
D)trabecular.

Accepted Answer

Cortical bone, also known as compact bone, is a dense and strong outer layer of bone tissue that forms the shafts of long bones and the outer layer of other bones in the body. It provides structural support and protection to the underlying bone tissue. Spongy bone (B) is found inside cortical bone and looks like a sponge or honeycomb, with spaces filled with bone marrow. Collagen (C) is a protein found in bones, as well as other connective tissues in the body. Trabecular (D) bone is a type of spongy bone that is found at the ends of long bones and in other bones where strength is needed.

Question 11

The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called:
A)bone growth.
B)bone modeling.
C)bone remodeling.
D)bone regeneration.

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is the two-step process by which bone tissue is recycled. It involves the breakdown of old bone tissue (resorption) and the formation of new bone tissue (formation) by cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. This process helps maintain bone strength and shape and allows for the repair of damaged bone tissue.

Question 12

Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?
A)25%
B)35%
C)50%
D)65%

Accepted Answer

Minerals, primarily calcium and phosphate, make up approximately 65% of bone by mass. These minerals give bones their hardness and strength.

Question 13

At which of the following stages of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient?
A)pregnancy
B)infancy
C)adulthood
D)later life

Accepted Answer

Calcium absorption is most efficient during infancy as it is needed for the formation and growth of bones. During this period, the body is better able to absorb calcium from breast milk or formula, which are sources of easily absorbable calcium. As an individual ages, the efficiency of calcium absorption decreases, leading to potential bone loss and the development of osteoporosis.

Question 14

When does bone growth and modeling start?
A)during fetal development
B)at birth
C)during infancy
D)during childhood

Accepted Answer

Bone growth and modeling starts during fetal development when the bones begin to form and develop from cartilage.

Question 15

Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?
A)mouth
B)stomach
C)duodenum
D)ileum

Accepted Answer

Calcium is primarily absorbed in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine where most of the nutrients are absorbed.

Question 16

In addition to proper growth and development,bone remodeling is critical in maintaining:
A)blood glucose levels.
B)blood calcium levels.
C)blood coagulation.
D)vitamin D production.

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling plays a critical role in maintaining blood calcium levels. During bone remodeling, old bone tissue is broken down and new bone tissue is formed. This process releases calcium into the bloodstream, which helps maintain a steady level of calcium in the blood.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE concerning calcium?
A)Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B)Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C)When blood calcium rises,osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D)Calcium is a minor mineral.

Accepted Answer

Calcium's alkalinity plays a crucial role in the regulation of acid-base balance. It acts as a buffer to neutralize excess acid in the body.

Answer: C
 When blood calcium levels rise, osteoclasts break down bone tissue to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process is known as bone resorption and helps maintain calcium homeostasis in the body.

Therefore, the correct answers are A and C.

Question 18

Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is:
A)X-ray.
B)dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
C)hydrostatic weighing.
D)computed axial tomography.

Accepted Answer

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density. It provides a low dose of radiation and takes only a few minutes to complete, making it a practical option for clinical use. DXA measurements have been shown to closely correlate with fracture risk and are the preferred method for diagnosing osteoporosis.

Question 19

The tiny mineral crystals that cluster around collagen fibers in bone are called:
A)osteoclasts.
B)hydroxyapatite.
C)trabecular.
D)osteoblasts.

Accepted Answer

The tiny mineral crystals that cluster around collagen fibers in bone are made of hydroxyapatite, which is a calcium phosphate mineral. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are cells involved in bone remodeling, while trabecular refers to the spongy bone tissue found inside bones.

Question 20

Phytates and oxalates can inhibit the absorption of:
A)vitamin E.
B)thiamin.
C)calcium.
D)protein.

Accepted Answer

Phytates and oxalates can bind to calcium, making it less bioavailable for absorption. Therefore, choice C is the only correct answer as it mentions calcium.

Quiz 15: Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?

Eighty percent of bone is made up of:

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?

Which is the most abundant mineral in our body?

Bone cells that are responsible for eroding the bone surface during resorption are called:

Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall?

At about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?

Which of the following T-scores indicates osteoporosis?

A T-score between -1 and 1 on a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) signifies:

The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called:

The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called:

Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?

At which of the following stages of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient?

When does bone growth and modeling start?

Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?

In addition to proper growth and development,bone remodeling is critical in maintaining:

Which of the following is TRUE concerning calcium?

Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is:

The tiny mineral crystals that cluster around collagen fibers in bone are called:

Phytates and oxalates can inhibit the absorption of: