Question 1

What are narcotics?

Accepted Answer

Narcotics are drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain. Examples of narcotics include morphine, codeine, and oxycodone.

Question 2

What did Sigmund Freud theorize about dreams?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud theorized that dreams reflect wish fulfillment. He believed that dreams were a way for the unconscious mind to communicate with the conscious mind and that they often contain repressed desires and emotions. Through the interpretation of a person's dreams, Freud believed that it was possible to gain insight into their innermost thoughts and desires.

Question 3

Marco has a tendency to focus on what he is doing, often to the point where he doesn't notice anything else around him. Which aspect of hypnotizability does this reflect?

Accepted Answer

Absorption refers to a person's ability to become deeply immersed in an activity or experience, often losing awareness of their surroundings, which aligns with Marco's tendency.

Question 4

In a study that examines the effects of meditation, a meditation group is compared to a control group that did not meditate. Which of the following would necessarily limit the ability to interpret the results of such a study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study that examines the effects...

Question 5

Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural impulses from subcortical areas of the brain?

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis theory proposes that dreams are the result of the cortex attempting to make sense of random neural activity from subcortical areas while we sleep. The theory suggests that dreams are not the result of hidden meanings or messages, but rather a random firing of neurons that our brains then try to interpret and create a narrative for.

Question 6

If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the "student of the year award," with which theory of dreaming would this dream be most consistent?

Accepted Answer

The dream of winning the "student of the year award" is most consistent with wish fulfillment theory, as it represents the student's desire to succeed and achieve recognition for their efforts.

Question 7

What does Hilgard's dissociation theory suggest about hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hilgard's dissociation theory suggests that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness, characterized by a division or dissociation of the conscious and subconscious minds. This theory proposes that during hypnosis, a person's awareness is divided, and he or she may respond to suggestions at an unconscious level while retaining awareness of external events.

Question 8

What term refers to chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning?

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs refer to chemical substances that affect the brain and modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning. The other options listed are specific categories of psychoactive drugs (e.g. stimulants and narcotics) or types of psychoactive drugs that specifically produce hallucinations.

Question 9

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

Accepted Answer

The role-playing theory suggests that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but rather a social role in which individuals follow the expectations of the hypnotist.

Question 10

Which theory of hypnosis is supported by the observation that age-regressed hypnotized individuals recall long-ago events in a vivid but incorrect manner?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theory of hypnosis is supported by...

Question 11

Both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine were inspired, in part, by dreams. Which theory of dreaming is supported by examples like this?

Accepted Answer

The examples of the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine suggest that dreams can help in problem-solving. This supports the theory of problem-solving dreams, which suggests that dreaming is a cognitive process that can aid individuals in finding solutions to problems they are facing in their waking life.

Question 12

The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that, while hypnotized, a person's consciousness is divided between two streams of consciousness. One stream is in communication with the external world. What is the other stream called?

Accepted Answer

The other stream of consciousness in the dissociation theory of hypnosis is called the hidden observer.

Question 13

Nancy is in a state that includes reduced heart rate, reduced consumption of oxygen, and an EEG pattern that includes alpha and theta waves. Which of the following states is Nancy likely to be in?

Accepted Answer

Nancy is likely in a state of meditation because the reduced heart rate and consumption of oxygen are common physiological changes that occur during meditation. The presence of alpha and theta waves on an EEG also supports this. In hypnosis, the EEG patterns are generally different, while slow-wave sleep is characterized by delta waves on an EEG. Alcohol intoxication may cause a slowing of heart rate and reduced oxygen consumption, but it does not typically result in alpha and theta waves on an EEG.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the likelihood of hypnotic susceptibility in a population?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that hypnotic susceptibility is normally distributed across the population, with roughly 10 percent of individuals at each of the extreme ends of the scale. This means that the majority of people fall somewhere in the middle of the scale, with a smaller number of people being highly susceptible or not susceptible at all. Gender is not a significant predictor of hypnotic susceptibility, as both men and women can be highly susceptible to hypnosis.

Question 15

Which of the following has been supported by evidence from a recent Canadian survey on drug use?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following has been supported...

Question 16

Some people have done bizarre or embarrassing things in public while hypnotized. What term is used to describe the increase in willingness to do such behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Disinhibition is the term used to describe the increase in willingness to do bizarre or embarrassing behaviors in public while under hypnosis. It is a common phenomenon in hypnosis as it decreases one's usual inhibitions and self-consciousness.

Question 17

Melanie has a tendency to do what she is told, without questioning anything. Which aspect of hypnotizability does this reflect?

Accepted Answer

Melanie's tendency to do what she is told without questioning anything reflects suggestibility, which is one of the key aspects of hypnotizability. Suggestibility refers to the tendency to accept and act on suggestions from others, even if they go against one's own beliefs or ideas.

Question 18

Which of the following is an accurate definition of hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis is a systematic procedure that can produce a heightened state of suggestibility, during which a person may experience alterations in perceptions and memory. While relaxation is often a component of hypnosis, it is not a defining feature, and hypnosis differs from meditation and focused attention techniques in its aim to produce a state of heightened suggestibility. The use of hypnosis in the recovery of memories is controversial and not supported by scientific evidence.

Question 19

Danielle is walking to work, along a route that she knows very well. When she arrives at work she realizes that she didn't notice anything going on around her during most of her walk because she was thinking about various other things. Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is like an extreme version of this experience?

Accepted Answer

Hilgard's dissociation theory suggests that hypnosis involves a split or dissociation of conscious awareness, similar to how Danielle was dissociated from her surroundings while deep in thought during her walk.

Question 20

Meditation refers to a group of practices. What are those practices designed to do?

Accepted Answer

Meditation practices are designed to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under voluntary control. While some people may also experience relaxation and subjective experiences of wellbeing while meditating, this is not necessarily the main goal or purpose of the practice. Meditation is also not designed to produce a heightened state of suggestibility or stimulate two separate yet simultaneous streams of consciousness.

Quiz 5: B: Variations in Consciousness