Question 1

What will a person experience after being selectively deprived of REM sleep??

Accepted Answer

Selective deprivation of REM sleep may lead to a REM rebound, which is a period of increased REM sleep when the person is able to sleep normally again. This is because the body tries to catch up on the missed REM sleep. There may also be some emotional effects, but these are not as common as the REM rebound. NREM sleep is not affected by selective deprivation of REM sleep. Hypochondriasis is a condition characterized by excessive worry about one's health, and is not related to sleep deprivation.

Question 2

Shelby took part in a research study in which, for three consecutive nights, she was awakened each time she entered REM sleep. What will happen when Shelby is back at home?

Accepted Answer

Shelby will experience "REM rebound," which means she will spend extra time in REM sleep for several nights to compensate for the REM sleep deprivation she experienced during the study. This is a common response to being deprived of REM sleep.

Question 3

Imagine that a human was born with no pons in the hindbrain. What would you predict about sleep for this person?

Accepted Answer

The pons in the hindbrain is responsible for regulating REM sleep. Without the pons, it would be possible to enter NREM sleep, but the person would not be able to enter REM sleep. Therefore, the best prediction would be that this person would not experience REM sleep.

Question 4

Dakota is taking a prescription drug, and one of the side effects of the drug is an increase in the stimulation of ascending fibres in the reticular activating system. Which of the following is Dakota likely to experience?

Accepted Answer

The reticular activating system is involved in wakefulness and alertness. Increased stimulation of its ascending fibers can lead to difficulty falling asleep.

Question 5

For the past month, Mikail has been getting only five to six hours of sleep, instead of the eight hours he is used to. Which of the following is a likely consequence of Mikail's reduced sleep?

Accepted Answer

Mikail's reduced sleep is likely to impair his attention, especially on monotonous tasks, as sleep plays a critical role in attention restoration and consolidation of memories. Hallucinations and general disorientation are more likely to occur with severe sleep deprivation lasting several days or more. Inability to solve complex problems is a possible consequence of sleep deprivation, but it is not as likely as impaired attention. Night terrors are generally more common in children and are not necessarily related to sleep deprivation.

Question 6

Which of the following is more common in tropical climates??

Accepted Answer

Napping is more common in tropical climates due to the hot and humid weather, which can cause fatigue and drowsiness during the day. This may lead to taking frequent short naps to compensate for the lack of sleep quality at night. Narcolepsy and sleep paralysis are sleep disorders that occur across different climates, and repeated waking during the night can be influenced by various factors such as noise, discomfort, and stress, which are not exclusive to tropical climates.

Question 7

Which of the following groups should have the highest mortality risk?

Accepted Answer

People who typically sleep more than 10 hours per night have been associated with higher mortality risks, potentially due to underlying health issues or the effects of excessive sleep itself.

Question 8

Which of the following brain structures appears to be most important to sleep and wakefulness?

Accepted Answer

The reticular formation, located in the brainstem, is responsible for regulating sleep and wakefulness by controlling the activation of the cortex. It receives input from various sensory systems and can modify the activity of the cortex accordingly.

Question 9

Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical, non-industrialized village. Which of the following is Cody likely to observe about the inhabitants of the village?

Accepted Answer

Non-industrialized cultures often have a custom of a midday nap or siesta. Choice A is not related to sleep habits and there is no indication that sleep patterns differ. Similarly, there is no indication about the amount or quality of sleep in choice B and C.

Question 10

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Tiana is deprived of dreaming for several nights. Which of the following is a likely result?

Accepted Answer

REM rebound is a phenomenon in which an individual who has been deprived of REM sleep will spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights. Therefore, it is likely that Tiana will experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on the nights following her deprivation of dreams.

Question 11

Pascal took part in a research study in which, for three consecutive nights, he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep. What will happen when Pascal is back at home?

Accepted Answer

Pascal will experience a phenomenon known as "rebound" in which the body compensates for the loss of slow-wave sleep by spending extra time in this restorative sleep stage once the opportunity arises.

Question 12

What happens to people who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row?

Accepted Answer

When people are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep, they tend to make up for the lost slow-wave sleep by spending more time in this stage when allowed to sleep normally again.

Question 13

Melanie was in a car accident, and when she hit her head, the ascending fibres in her reticular activating system were damaged. Which of the following is a likely consequence of the injury?

Accepted Answer

The reticular activating system (RAS) is responsible for maintaining consciousness and wakefulness. Damage to the ascending fibres in the RAS can result in a coma or decreased level of consciousness. Options A, C, and D are not directly related to damage in the ascending fibres of the RAS.

Question 14

Which stage of sleep appears to be important for neurogenesis?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep appears to be important for neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus, which is an area in the brain associated with learning and memory. Studies have shown that rats who were deprived of REM sleep exhibited decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Question 15

Riley is happy this morning because Jennifer, his four-month-old infant, finally slept through the night for the first time. What would comparisons of EEG recordings show if they were available for both Riley and Jennifer?

Accepted Answer

Infants, like Jennifer, typically spend a larger proportion of their sleep in REM sleep compared to adults like Riley.

Question 16

Ming is 12, and her Aunt Lin has come for a visit. Aunt Lin is using the spare bed in Ming's room. Several times during the night, Aunt Lin awakens briefly and then falls back to sleep. Ming doesn't awaken at all during the night. Which of the following research results best explains this difference in sleep patterns?

Accepted Answer

The fact that Aunt Lin awakened briefly several times during the night suggests that she may be experiencing less slow-wave sleep, which tends to decline gradually during adulthood. Ming's lack of awakening suggests that she is experiencing a healthy amount of slow-wave sleep.

Question 17

Which of the following is most likely to differ between cultures?

Accepted Answer

Acceptance of co-sleeping is a cultural practice that varies greatly between cultures. In some cultures, it is common for parents and children to share a bed, while in others, it is viewed as inappropriate or even dangerous. The other options (frequency of recalled dreams, rate of sleep disorders, and proportion of stage 1 sleep) are more likely to be similar across cultures.

Question 18

What is the relationship between performance and self-perception among sleep deprived participants, based on evidence from research that tests the cognitive abilities of people who have been sleep deprived?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that sleep deprived participants tend to perform poorly on cognitive tasks, but often believe they are performing better than they actually are. This suggests a disconnection between their actual performance and their self-perception.

Question 19

Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM. What has Kara probably experienced recently?

Accepted Answer

Kara likely experienced selective sleep deprivation, which can lead to an immediate onset of REM sleep when she finally falls asleep, as the body tries to compensate for the lack of REM sleep.

Question 20

Which stages of sleep appear to be important for consolidation of various types of memory?

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep (also known as NREM stage 3) is important for consolidating declarative memory (memories for facts and events), while REM sleep is important for consolidating procedural memory (memories for skills and habits) and emotional memory. Together, slow-wave and REM sleep play a critical role in the consolidation of various types of memory.

Quiz 5: A: Variations in Consciousness