Which of the following diagnostic procedures involves placement of fiducials (frameless system) on the patient's head preoperatively for creation of a virtual image in three dimensions and can be used intraoperatively with a synchronized hand piece for precise targeting of intracranial lesions?

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Placement of a stereotactic head frame (frame-based system) or fiducials (frameless system) before receiving a computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance image produces information that is registered into a computer. The goal of stereotactic surgery is to target a point or volume in space precisely by means of a predefined minimally invasive trajectory. The frameless system allows the neurosurgeon to see beyond the actual operative field by using an optical tracking device. This handheld device depicts in three planes on a computer screen where the surgeon is working in the brain relative to deeper structures beyond view. Digital subtraction angiography allows for examination of selected arterial circulation by injection of contrast media. Electroencephalography records the brain's continuous electrical activity by means of electrodes placed on the scalp or intraoperatively on the brain. Wada's test can be used before brain surgery to lateralize language, memory, and the dominant hemisphere.

Which of the Following Diagnostic Procedures Involves Placement of Fiducials