Question 1

Most health-related evidence

Accepted Answer

Health-related evidence can come from various methods such as epidemiological studies, clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, and meta-analyses. While some evidence may be discovered accidentally, this is not typically the norm. Evidence is not typically withheld from the public, as transparency and dissemination of findings are essential components of the scientific process. Experimental designs are one type of research method that can generate health-related evidence, but they are not the only method.

Question 2

There is a ____________ correlation between physical age and physical health,such that as age increases,physical health decreases.

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. In this case, as physical age increases, physical health decreases, indicating a negative correlation.

Question 3

Placebos have been known to help

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

Placebos can be beneficial in treating many conditions EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Placebos cannot physically heal or treat broken bones, as they require medical intervention such as surgery or immobilization. Placebos may be beneficial in psychological aspects of recovery and pain management, but they cannot heal the bone itself.

Question 5

Which of these "sugar pills" is likely to have the greatest positive effect?

Accepted Answer

The size and color of the pill have no actual effect on its efficacy, but capsules may be perceived as more high-tech and therefore more effective by some people. Additionally, capsules can be easier to swallow than tablets, which may also contribute to a perceived positive effect. The type of medication (generic vs. brand name) has no actual impact on the efficacy of a sugar pill.

Question 6

Which of these statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Placebo effects have been shown to have an impact on both psychological and physical disorders, and are an important consideration in clinical trials and treatment plans.

B is not entirely true as scientists do value and incorporate research from various sources, including non-scientific communities.

C is too broad and not entirely accurate as scientific breakthroughs are rare and often take a significant amount of time and resources to achieve.

D is not entirely true as both experimental and observational research can inform our understanding of disease patterns.

Question 7

The effect of a placebo varies according to people's expectancies and previous learning,but in general,that response rate is about

Accepted Answer

The response rate of a placebo varies, but studies have shown that the average response rate is around 35%. This is likely due to the power of people's expectations and previous experiences influencing their response to a placebo. Option A and B are too low compared to the actual response rate, while option D is too high.

Question 8

A positive correlation between physical health and education would indicate that as education __________,physical health ______________.

Accepted Answer

A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases. Therefore, as education increases, physical health also increases.

Question 9

The placebo effect is

Accepted Answer

The placebo effect is a physiologically real phenomenon that has been shown to improve both organic and psychological symptoms. It is not imaginary and can occur in anyone, not just hypochondriacs. While it is usually more prominent in well-designed experiments, it can still occur outside of experimental settings.

Question 10

Dr.Smith,a clinical health psychologist,is conducting research on whether relaxation training before a swim meet improves swimmer's race times.It is most likely Dr.Smith is using a __________ design.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Smith's research involves an intervention (relaxation training) to see its effect on an outcome (swimmers' race times), which aligns with an experimental design. A single-blind design is likely used here, where the participants (swimmers) do not know whether they are receiving the actual relaxation training or not, to prevent their expectations from influencing the results.

Question 11

The _______ a placebo resembles an effective treatment,the _____ the placebo effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______ a placebo resembles an effective...

Question 12

A correlation of .80 would indicate a _______ and __________ relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

A correlation of .80 indicates a strong positive relationship between two variables.

Question 13

The placebo effect

Accepted Answer

The placebo effect can make it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programs because it can be difficult to distinguish whether improvements in symptoms are due to the treatment itself or the placebo effect.

Question 14

When neither the participants nor the experimenters know which group has received the treatment and which has received a placebo,the design is called

Accepted Answer

When neither the participants nor the experimenters know which group has received the treatment and which has received a placebo, the design is called double-blind. Confounding refers to a situation where a variable other than the one being studied is causing the observed effects. Correlational designs aim to examine the relationship between variables without manipulating them, and naturalistic designs involve observing behavior in its natural setting.

Question 15

Dr.Sweedey is conducting research that examines 5 year olds and their aggressive behaviors.She follows up with these same participants 10 years later to measure their reactivity to stress.She is using a ___________ design.

Accepted Answer

The researcher is using a longitudinal design because she is following up with the same group of participants over a period of time to measure changes in behavior.

Question 16

To determine whether Drug Z lowers blood pressure,it is necessary to demonstrate that an experimental group,which has been given Drug Z,will have lower blood pressure than a comparison group,which has been given

Accepted Answer

In order to determine whether Drug Z lowers blood pressure, a comparison between the experimental group (which has been given Drug Z) and the comparison group (which has been given a placebo) is necessary. This is because the placebo group acts as a control group, which helps to ensure that any differences observed between the two groups are due to the drug and not just random chance. Option A and B do not serve as controls because they involve giving different dosages of the same drug. Option D is also not a suitable comparison group because it involves not giving any treatment at all.

Question 17

Which of these conditions is likely to produce the highest positive placebo effect?

Accepted Answer

A physician who is enthusiastic in describing the treatment is likely to produce the highest positive placebo effect because the patient is more likely to believe in and trust the treatment if the physician is enthusiastic and confident about it. This can enhance the patient's expectations and, therefore, the placebo effect.

Question 18

The nocebo effect occurs when

Accepted Answer

The nocebo effect occurs when participants in a placebo study experience a negative effect, which can be attributed to psychological factors such as negative expectations or anxiety. The opposite of the nocebo effect is the placebo effect, where participants experience a positive effect due to positive expectations or beliefs. The other answer choices, such as using a double-blind study or the case-control method, are research methods and are not related to the nocebo effect.

Question 19

An inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of the independent variable and that may cause participants in an experiment to improve or change behavior due to their belief is called

Accepted Answer

The description matches a placebo, which is an inactive substance or condition used in an experiment to control for the placebo effect, which is the tendency for participants to improve or change their behavior simply because they believe they are receiving a legitimate treatment. Option A describes the opposite effect, the nocebo effect, which is a negative response due to the belief that a treatment or intervention will have harmful consequences. Option C describes a variable that is influenced by the independent variable, and option D refers to the overall framework of an experiment.

Question 20

Dr.Rich is conducting research that examines whether 20-year olds eat more low-fat foods than 70-year olds.This research is using a ________________ design.

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design compares different groups of individuals at a single point in time, which is exactly what Dr. Rich is doing by comparing 20-year olds and 70-year olds in terms of their low-fat food consumption. The other options (experimental, ex post facto, and retrospective) do not fit the design of this study.

Quiz 2: Conducting Health Research