Question 1

Which of the following is a difference between scripts and episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a difference...

Question 2

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Transductive reasoning involves making inferences from one specific observation to another specific observation, often without considering a general rule or principle that applies to both situations. This type of reasoning is common in early childhood, where children may not yet be able to think abstractly or apply broad rules across different contexts.

Question 3

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for a preoperational child because:

Accepted Answer

Class inclusion tasks are challenging for preoperational children because they demand the ability to consider two aspects of a situation simultaneously, such as understanding that a dog is both an animal and a dog at the same time, which is a cognitive ability that develops with age.

Question 4

Which of the following factors influences cognitive development in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Preschool education has been found to have a significant influence on cognitive development in early childhood. This is because preschool education provides children with opportunities to engage in activities that promote cognitive skills such as problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Mental disorders, psychological conditioning, and philosophical reasoning may also impact cognitive development, but they are not as consistently linked with cognitive development in early childhood as preschool education.

Question 5

Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin is displaying _____.

Accepted Answer

Caitlin is displaying egocentrism, which means she is unable to take the perspective of others and assumes that others feel the same way she does.

Question 6

_________thought is characterized by the use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them. ​

Accepted Answer

Preoperational thought is the stage of cognitive development in which children use symbols to represent objects and relationships, but they lack the ability to reason logically or to understand concrete concepts. Deductive reasoning involves making specific conclusions based on general principles, transductive reasoning involves reasoning from specific cases to specific cases without making generalizations, and precausal reasoning involves making false assumptions about cause and effect relationships.

Question 7

Martha is two years old. She claims that the moon plays peekaboo with her and often hides behind the clouds. In this scenario, Martha is displaying _____.

Accepted Answer

Martha is displaying animism, which is the belief that inanimate objects (such as the moon) have feelings, intentions, and consciousness similar to that of living beings. This is common in early childhood development.

Question 8

Appearance-reality distinction is the understanding that _____.

Accepted Answer

The appearance-reality distinction is the ability to distinguish between appearances and reality, and is often studied in the context of theory of mind development. It refers to the understanding that things may not always be what they seem, and that there can be a difference between how something appears and how it actually is in reality.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of inner speech?

Accepted Answer

Inner speech is the internalized use of language to think, plan, problem-solve, and regulate behavior. It is considered the ultimate binding of language and thought because it represents the integration of language and cognition. While language and cognitive development are closely linked, inner speech is not proof that one precedes the other. It is also not the same as a child's conversation with an imaginary playmate, which is an example of imaginary friends.

Question 10

A preoperational child fails to show conservation because:

Accepted Answer

The preoperational child fails to show conservation because of the irreversibility of a process, meaning they cannot mentally reverse a set of steps or transformations to arrive at the starting point, which is necessary to understand conservation.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of contrast assumption?

Accepted Answer

Contrast assumption is the assumption that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects, as opposed to familiar ones. This assumption arises in language acquisition when children are learning new words and need to differentiate them from words they already know.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of children's zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

Children's zone of proximal development refers to the range of cognitive tasks that a child can accomplish only with the assistance of more skilled individuals, such as parents, teachers, or more knowledgeable peers. This means that the child is on the brink of mastering a new skill, but needs guidance or scaffolding to complete it successfully. The zone of proximal development is different for every child, and it shifts as the child develops and gains new abilities. Therefore, option A is the correct statement about the zone of proximal development, while options B, C, and D are not accurate descriptions.

Question 13

The single most common cause of death in early childhood is _________. ​

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death in children between the ages of 5 and 14, and the second leading cause of death in children under the age of 5.

Question 14

Janet is learning how to ride a tricycle. For the most part, she is able do it by herself. When she finds pedaling too difficult, her father pushes the tricycle for her. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is used by Janet's father?

Accepted Answer

Janet's father is using scaffolding, which involves providing support and guidance to help a child learn and master a new task or skill. In this case, he is helping her when she struggles with pedaling, but allowing her to do the task on her own as much as possible.

Question 15

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children?

Accepted Answer

Young children may have difficulty accurately reporting their memories due to limitations in their language skills and cognitive development. They may also have difficulty distinguishing between memories and imagined events. While brain development may play a role in memory capabilities, it is not necessarily a specific limitation of assessing memory in young children. Slow development of neurons and poor development of the amygdalae are not specific limitations of memory assessment in young children either.

Question 16

Gina is three years old. She can tell her friend that, before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Gina's account of the repeated event of going to bed is called a script. A script is a mental representation of a familiar sequence of events that serves as a guide for carrying out a particular activity. It includes information about the typical sequence of actions, the actors involved, and the props or setting needed for the activity. Gina's description of putting on pajamas, brushing teeth, and listening to a story before bed is an example of a script for her bedtime routine.

Question 17

Four-year-old Jason says that he has to go out and play in the garden since there is bright light outside, while the light is actually because of a glowing bulb and not because of the sun. Jason is displaying _____.

Accepted Answer

Transductive reasoning is a type of thought process that occurs when a child reasons from specific to specific, making connections between two or more events that occur simultaneously or in close succession without understanding the causal relationship between them. In this scenario, Jason assumes that because there is bright light, it must be time to play outside, typically associating bright light with daytime and outdoor play without understanding the actual source of the light. This exemplifies transductive reasoning, where he connects the presence of light directly with the activity of playing outside, without considering the true cause of the light.

Question 18

Conservation is the understanding that:

Accepted Answer

Conservation is the concept that when an object undergoes a physical transformation, such as changing its shape or volume, its fundamental attributes remain the same.

Question 19

_____ is putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view.

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism refers to a self-centered perspective in which one is unable to consider another person's viewpoint. Sociocentrism, on the other hand, refers to a tendency to view the world solely from the perspective of one's own social group, while symbolic thinking and cognitive flexibility are not directly related to this concept.

Question 20

Unlike children who do not have imaginary companions, children with imaginary companions:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children with imaginary companions tend to have more advanced language skills than children without them. This is likely due to the fact that they engage in conversations with their imaginary friends, practicing their language skills on a regular basis. There is no evidence to suggest that imaginary companions lead to increased aggression or decreased cooperation, and some research has actually suggested the opposite. Additionally, having an imaginary companion may actually stimulate creativity in children as they engage in imaginative play and storytelling.

Quiz 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development