Question 1

Paedomorphosis may involve
A)acceleration or hypermorphosis.
B)progenesis or neoteny.
C)acceleration or neoteny.
D)progenesis or hypermorphosis.

Accepted Answer

Paedomorphosis involves either progenesis or neoteny, where a species retains juvenile characteristics into adulthood due to either the acceleration of sexual maturity (progenesis) or the slowing down of development (neoteny). Hypermorphosis and acceleration are not as directly related to paedomorphosis as progenesis and neoteny are.

Question 2

Parallelism in development
A)was advocated by von Baer.
B)was the idea that developmental stages progress from the simple to the complex, reflecting the scala naturae.
C)refers to the colinearity of Hox genes.
D)is a method of gene duplication.

Accepted Answer

Parallelism in development is the idea that developmental stages progress from the simple to the complex, reflecting the scala naturae. It is often associated with the evolutionary theories of Ernst Haeckel and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. It suggests that the development of an organism reflects its evolutionary history, with early embryonic stages resembling ancestral forms and later stages reflecting adaptations to the environment. This idea has been influential in the history of developmental biology, but it has also been controversial and has been challenged by other theories such as modularity and heterochrony.

Question 3

The process in A in the figure above is an example of
A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

Process B in the figure above is an example of
A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Process B in the figure above...

Question 5

Imagine that a researcher replaced the MADS-box AP1 gene with the MADS-box AG gene.One possible effect on flowers would be
A)stamens would be changed into petals.
B)petals would be changed in to sepals.
C)stamens would be changed into carpels.
D)petals would be changed into stamen-like structures.

Accepted Answer

The MADS-box genes are involved in floral development and specifying the identity of floral organs such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. AP1 is specifically involved in sepal and petal development and is not involved in stamen development. If AP1 is replaced by AG, which is involved in stamen and carpel development, then it is likely that petals would be changed into stamen-like structures.

Question 6

Von Baer proposed that the most conserved stages of development among vertebrates are the
A)earliest stages.
B)latest stages.
C)earliest and latest stages.
D)middle stages.

Accepted Answer

Von Baer proposed that the earliest stages of development are the most conserved among vertebrates. He believed that embryos of different species look very similar during early development, but become increasingly different as they develop into adults. Therefore, he concluded that the earliest stages of development are the most conserved.

Question 7

Process C in the figure above is an example of
A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Process C in the figure above...

Question 8

Hox genes encode
A)proteins involved in RNA translocation.
B)ribosomal RNAs.
C)Drosophila genes.
D)transcription factors.

Accepted Answer

Hox genes encode transcription factors that are responsible for regulating the expression of genes that control the development of body structures in animals.

Question 9

MADS-box genes affect
A)only flowers.
B)segmentation in animals.
C)leaves, roots, and flowers.
D)early development.

Accepted Answer

MADS-box genes are involved in the regulation of various aspects of plant development, including the development of leaves, roots, and flowers. They are not involved in animal segmentation or early development, and therefore choices B and D are incorrect. While MADS-box genes do play a significant role in flower development, they are not exclusive to flowers and also play a role in other plant tissues.

Question 10

A totipotent cell
A)is fixed into a single developmental pathway.
B)has homeotic transformation.
C)can differentiate into any adult cell.
D)will become a stem cell.

Accepted Answer

A totipotent cell has the ability to differentiate into any type of adult cell, making it the most versatile type of precursor cell. It can give rise to all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues in the developing embryo, including the placenta. This is because it has the capacity to express all the genes required for embryonic development. Totipotency is typically found in the early embryo or in some types of stem cells. Choice A is incorrect because a totipotent cell is not fixed into a single developmental pathway, but can develop into any type of cell. Choice B is incorrect because homeotic transformation involves the misregulation of genes responsible for forming body segments in a developing embryo, which is not related to totipotency. Choice D is incorrect because a totipotent cell is already a type of stem cell.

Question 11

The scala naturae is the
A)view that all of life can be arranged on a single scale from simple to complex.
B)ontogeny of an individual.
C)number of vertebrae shared among species.
D)environmental effect on development.

Accepted Answer

The scala naturae, or Great Chain of Being, was a hierarchical system that placed all living things on a single scale from lower to higher forms of life. This scale was based on the idea that organisms could be arranged based on their increasing complexity or perfection.

Question 12

What is a paralog?
A)A homeobox gene
B)A homologous gene
C)An enhancer gene
D)A duplicate of an existing gene

Accepted Answer

A paralog is a gene that has arisen by duplication of an existing gene within the same genome, leading to multiple copies of a gene within an organism. These duplicates may then diverge in sequence and function over time.

Question 13

Which of the following stages is most similar across all three groups?
A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Which of the following stages is...

Question 14

The idea that life evolves from simple to complex began with
A)Darwin.
B)William Bateson.
C)the ancient Greeks.
D)J. F. Meckel.
E)Etienne Serres.

Accepted Answer

The ancient Greeks, such as Empedocles and Aristotle, proposed the idea that life evolves from simple to complex. Darwin, Bateson, Meckel, and Serres all made significant contributions to evolutionary theory, but they did not originate the idea of a progression from simple to complex life forms.

Question 15

Von Baer proposed that diagnostic traits for distinguishing species among vertebrates appear at the
A)earliest stages of development.
B)latest stages of development.
C)earliest and latest stages of development.
D)middle stages of development.

Accepted Answer

Von Baer proposed that diagnostic traits for distinguishing species among vertebrates appear at the latest stages of development, as early stages are more conserved across species.

Question 16

The process in D in the figure above is an example of
A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  The process in D in the...

Question 17

The stage in which in all three groups are least similar is
A)stage 1.
B)stage 2.
C)stage 3.
D)stage 4.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  The stage in which in all...

Question 18

The characteristics identified in the figure above are examples of
A)homeobox genes.
B)ontogeny.
C)evo-devo.
D)homeotic transformations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  The characteristics identified in the figure...

Question 19

With recapitulation,a somatic trait can appear
A)earlier in development or a reproductive trait later in development.
B)earlier in development or a reproductive trait earlier in development.
C)later in development or a reproductive trait later in development.
D)later in development or a reproductive trait earlier in development.

Accepted Answer

Recapitulation is the theory that the development of an organism repeats the evolutionary history of its species. Therefore, somatic traits, which are traits related to the body, may appear earlier in development, while reproductive traits may appear later in development, as they evolved later in the species' history. Choice A is the only option that includes both possibilities.

Question 20

Regulatory enhancers can be
A)added through evolution.
B)lost through evolution.
C)associated with specific body parts.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Regulatory enhancers can both be added and lost through evolution as mutations occur. Moreover, these enhancers are often associated with specific body parts, regulating the expression of genes that are necessary for the development and function of those particular structures. Therefore, all of the options are correct.

Quiz 13: Evolution and Development

Paedomorphosis may involve

Parallelism in development

The process in A in the figure above is an example of

Process B in the figure above is an example of

Imagine that a researcher replaced the MADS-box AP1 gene with the MADS-box AG gene.One possible effect on flowers would be

Von Baer proposed that the most conserved stages of development among vertebrates are the

Process C in the figure above is an example of

Hox genes encode

MADS-box genes affect

A totipotent cell

The scala naturae is the

What is a paralog?

Which of the following stages is most similar across all three groups?

The idea that life evolves from simple to complex began with

Von Baer proposed that diagnostic traits for distinguishing species among vertebrates appear at the

The process in D in the figure above is an example of

The stage in which in all three groups are least similar is

The characteristics identified in the figure above are examples of

With recapitulation,a somatic trait can appear

Regulatory enhancers can be