Question 1

There are multiple ways in which two cells in an organism can communicate with each other: gap junctions,paracrine and autocrine signals,endocrine signals,and neural signals.Discuss the advantages and drawbacks for each of these types of signals.

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Question 2

Define hormones and briefly summarize their function.Provide an example to support your answer.

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Question 3

If steroid hormones must be bound to protein carriers to travel through the blood,how are they able to bind to intracellular receptors? (The protein carriers cannot diffuse through the membrane. )

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Question 4

Insulin and __________ are two hormones,produced by the pancreas,with antagonistic control of plasma glucose levels.

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Question 5

What are endocrine disruptors and how do they affect wildlife populations? Provide two examples to support your answer.

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Question 6

Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops.

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Question 7

In a __________ feedback loop,the endocrine cell acts as the sensor and integrating center.

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Question 8

The chemical properties of messengers affect how they are able to communicate with the target cell.Hydrophobic and hydrophilic messengers have many differences in the way they function.Discuss these differences and how they relate to the hydrophobicity/philicity.

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Question 9

Under stressful or dangerous situations,organisms enter into the "flight-or-fight" response.This response has both neural and endocrine components.Discuss the functions of each component and how they interact with each other.

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Question 10

Hormones are chemicals that are released into the blood and travel all over the body where they can have effects on their target cells.Discuss the mechanisms that allow only the target cells to respond and how target cells may have very different responses to the same hormone.

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Question 11

Once a ligand has bound to a receptor,it will continue to generate its response.In order to stop that response,the ligand must be removed or inactivated in some way.Describe the different ways this may be accomplished,along with features of each method.

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Question 12

There is a tremendous variety of signal transduction pathways with a wide range of functions.However,all these pathways have some things in common.Discuss some of these common features.

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Quiz 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation