Which of the Following Developments Has Resulted in a Transfer

Which of the following developments has resulted in a transfer of power from manufacturers to retailers?

A) The advent of optical scanners and computers has given manufacturers access to sales information.
B) An increase in brand loyalty among consumers has led to an increase in sales promotion activities.
C) Consolidation in the grocery industry has resulted in larger chains with greater buying power and clout.
D) A significant decrease in promotional sensitivity and time-sensitivity among consumers has occurred since the early 2000s.
E) Increasingly, manufacturers are introducing more private-label brands into the market.