Question 1

Victimization is more prevalent in affluent areas as compared with poor disorganized communities.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Victimization is more prevalent in poor and disorganized communities, where access to resources and social support may be limited, and crime rates may be higher. Affluent areas may have lower crime rates, but may experience different types of victimization such as financial fraud or white collar crime.

Question 2

Cultural criminology emphasizes the role of emotions in instigating criminal behavior rather than rationality.

Accepted Answer

Cultural criminology is a theoretical perspective that emphasizes the role of emotions in criminal behavior. It suggests that emotions such as anger, frustration, and resentment can motivate individuals to commit crimes. This approach challenges traditional criminological theories that focus on rational decision-making and cost-benefit analyses.

Question 3

A rational decision is one that is reasoned to be optimal for achieving a goal, but rationality is subject and unbounded.

Accepted Answer

Rationality is often considered objective and bounded by the information and cognitive limitations of the decision-maker.

Question 4

Motivated offenders are individuals unwilling and not able to commit crimes.

Accepted Answer

Motivated offenders are individuals who have the desire and willingness to commit crimes. They may lack the opportunity or ability, but they are not unwilling and not able.

Question 5

Primary emotions are also known as social emotions.

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions are not commonly known as social emotions. Primary emotions are basic emotions that are considered to be universal across cultures, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and surprise. Social emotions, on the other hand, are emotions that are more specific to social situations, such as embarrassment, guilt, shame, and pride.

Question 6

Emotions such as empathy and guilt serve to adjust our social behavior by arousing, focusing, and modifying brain activity in ways that lead most people to habitually choose ______ responses.

Accepted Answer

Empathy and guilt are emotions that tend to lead individuals towards prosocial behavior, which involves actions and attitudes that benefit others or society as a whole. These emotions help to regulate social interactions by prompting us to consider the feelings and needs of others, and to behave in ways that are cooperative and compassionate rather than selfish or harmful. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is D, prosocial.

Question 7

Capable guardians can only be persons, not things.

Accepted Answer

Capable guardianship in crime prevention theory can refer to both persons (such as police officers, security guards, or even ordinary citizens) and things (such as security cameras, locks, and lighting) that can deter criminal acts by their mere presence or function.

Question 8

Incentives and disincentives to law-abiding or criminal behavior are perceived differently because of ingrained habits.

Accepted Answer

Habits and personal values can influence how individuals perceive rewards and punishments related to their behavior, which can affect their decisions to follow or break the law. This can lead to different perceptions of incentives and disincentives for law-abiding or criminal behavior.

Question 9

______ is a model for residential environments that inhibit crime by creating the physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself.
A)defensible space

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ is a model for residential environments...

Question 10

Routine activities theory looks at crime from the points of view of both the offender and of crime prevention efforts.

Accepted Answer

Routine activities theory suggests that crime occurs when three elements converge: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of capable guardianship. This theory also recommends that crime prevention efforts focus on reducing opportunities for crimes to occur, such as increasing capable guardianship and reducing the availability of suitable targets.

Question 11

Suitable targets are persons that offenders view as vulnerable or attractive who possess something they want or are objects they want to possess.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Offenders may target individuals they perceive as vulnerable or attractive, as well as objects they desire to possess.

Question 12

______ is primarily concerned with defensible space (inhibiting crime by creating physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself).

Accepted Answer

Environmental design, also known as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), is primarily concerned with creating physical environments that deter crime by creating defensible space. This includes aspects such as lighting, landscaping, and architectural features that promote a sense of community ownership and surveillance, making it more difficult for criminals to operate undetected.

Question 13

Routine activity theory discounts what others see as causes of crime such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality.

Accepted Answer

Routine activity theory posits that crime is a result of three factors - a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. It does not consider socio-economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality as causes of crime.

Question 14

Rational choice and routine activities theories both resonate most with liberals.

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory and routine activities theory are both based on the premise that individuals make rational decisions when it comes to committing crimes. Therefore, they are more likely to resonate with conservatives who emphasize individual responsibility and choice.

Question 15

Negative emotions that function to prevent criminal behavior have been practically ignored in criminology.

Accepted Answer

Negative emotions such as shame, guilt, and fear of punishment have been studied in criminology and are considered important factors in deterring individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.

Question 16

Guilt is ______-centered while shame is ______-centered.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Guilt is ______-centered while shame is ______-centered.
...

Question 17

All of the following are considered examples of target-hardening EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Target-hardening refers to measures taken to make a target harder to attack or penetrate. Antitheft devices, improved lighting, and check guarantee cards all make the target harder to attack or penetrate. However, the sale of alcohol at sporting events does not contribute to target-hardening.

Question 18

Hume considered our species to be Homo emovere or "emoting man" rather than Homo sapiens or "wise man."

Accepted Answer

This is a true statement about Hume's view of human nature. He believed that emotions played a greater role in human behavior and decision-making than reason, hence the emphasis on "emoting man" rather than "wise man."

Question 19

The concept of human agency is not compatible with determinism or free will.

Accepted Answer

The concept of human agency is compatible with both determinism and free will. While determinism argues that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding causes, human agency holds that individuals can exercise control over their actions and make choices that affect the outcomes of their behavior. Free will, on the other hand, proposes that individuals have the ability to make choices that are not predetermined by prior causes or external influences. Therefore, human agency can coexist with both determinism and free will.

Question 20

Cultural criminologists view emotions as a fleeting perception, not a permanent fixture of many criminals' mental lives.

Accepted Answer

Cultural criminologists argue that emotions play a significant and enduring role in the lives of criminals, influencing their actions and interactions within their cultural contexts.

Quiz 5: Crime As Choice: Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal Behavior