Question 1

A(n)_____ is any stimulus or bit of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long-term memory.
A)eidetic image
B)discriminatory stimulus
C)distracter
D)retrieval cue

Accepted Answer

A retrieval cue is any stimulus or bit of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long-term memory. Eidetic images refer to photographic memory, discriminatory stimuli refer to stimuli that signals a particular behavior will be reinforced, and distracters are stimuli that interfere with the task at hand.

Question 2

Julie is a participant in a research project. She is instructed to memorize a list of items. Julie reads the list, in order, over and over again. When it comes time for her to be tested on what items she remembers, what will the finding likely be?
A)Julie will remember various items scattered throughout the list.
B)Julie will have the best memory for items only at the beginning of the list.
C)Research suggests that Julie will have better memory for items at the beginning and the end of the list.
D)Julie will have a better memory for items in the middle of the list.

Accepted Answer

This illustrates the serial position effect.

Question 3

Averee just finished her sociology exam in which she was given 50 questions. Her professor also supplied 50 responses; all Averee had to do was pick the right answer from a field of four options. Averee's sociology professor tested her _____
A)recall.
B)learning ability.
C)savings.
D)recognition.

Accepted Answer

Averee was simply asked to recognize the answer from the distracters.

Question 4

As 3-year-old Luca is learning to count to ten, his parents notice he always remembers one, two, three easily and then nine, ten easily. However, he often skips or mixes up the numbers in the middle. This example demonstrates _____
A)the serial position effect.
B)severe problems in metacognition.
C)only the primacy effect.
D)only the recency effect.

Accepted Answer

Luca's better memory for the first few and last few numbers illustrates the serial position effect.

Question 5

Imagine you are trying to remember a list of words. Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____
A)primacy effect; serial cognition effect.
B)serial position effect; metamemory effect.
C)primacy effect; recency effect.
D)flashbulb memory effect; recency effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect is having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list, whereas the recency effect is having a better memory for items at the end of a list.

Question 6

_____ refers to finding that memory is better for things at the beginning and the end of a list as compared to memory for things in the middle of the list.
A)Metacognition
B)The serial position effect
C)The flashbulb memory effect
D)The memory reconstruction theory

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the tendency for people to remember items better that are presented at the beginning and end of a list, but not those presented in the middle.

Question 7

When a person has a better memory for items at the beginning of a list he/she tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.
A)recency effect
B)serial cognition effect
C)metamemory effect
D)primacy effect

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect is demonstrated when a person has a better memory for items at the beginning of a list they are trying to learn, indicating that these items were processed more deeply and transferred to long-term memory.

Question 8

Coreen was taking her driving test at the Department of Transportation office so she could renew her license. When she came upon the last question, she couldn't remember the answer. She paused to think and then started reviewing the previous questions for clues to the answer to the last question. Since that strategy didn't work, she started looking around the office for clues on the wall posters and windows. The poster on the wall nearest to her jogged her memory and helped her to answer the last question. The poster on the wall served as a(n)_____
A)eidetic image.
B)discriminatory stimulus.
C)distracter.
D)retrieval cue.

Accepted Answer

The poster helped in aiding long-term memory retrieval.

Question 9

Luisine took his statistics exam and was glad he studied as hard as he did. He remembers that it took him about an hour to relearn how to solve the problems after spending four hours on them the first time. Based on the relearning method, what was Luisine's savings score?
A)100%
B)75%
C)50%
D)25%

Accepted Answer

One hour of relearning saved three hours, or 75%, of the original four hours.

Question 10

Adam studies his psychology material using note cards. He writes questions on the front of the card and the answers on the back of the card. After he has a stack of note cards completed, he studies them one by one, over and over again. Based on memory research, which of the following statements should NOT be made to Adam to help him maximize his studying?
A)"Adam, your memory for the last few cards will be better than for the middle group of cards."
B)"Hey, Adam, don't be surprised that you have a better memory for the first few cards."
C)"Adam, this is not such a great study technique. You'll be better off just reading over your notes."
D)"Adam, make sure to shuffle your cards after a while."

Accepted Answer

Reading over notes is not an effective study method at all.

Question 11

_____ is a measure of memory in which retention is expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally.
A)Recall
B)Retrieval
C)The relearning method
D)The Ebbinghaus method

Accepted Answer

The measure described is known as the relearning method. It is a way of measuring retention by assessing the amount of time saved when relearning material compared to the time it took to learn the material originally.

Question 12

When certain stimuli help in aiding long-term memory retrieval, those things act as _____
A)eidetic imagery.
B)retrieval cues.
C)distracters.
D)discriminatory stimuli.

Accepted Answer

. This is an alternate explanation of a retrieval cue.

Question 13

_____ is a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before.
A)Recognition
B)Serial position testing
C)Recall
D)The relearning method

Accepted Answer

Recognition is a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before. This is different from recall, which requires the person to retrieve information from memory without any cues or prompts. Serial position testing involves presenting a list of items and asking the person to recall them in the order in which they were presented. The relearning method involves measuring how much less time it takes a person to learn material they have previously encountered, as compared to learning completely new material.

Question 14

_____ is a way to measure memory that involves searching for information in order to produce it.
A)Recognition
B)Serial position testing
C)Recall
D)The relearning method

Accepted Answer

Recall involves searching for information in order to produce it. Recognition involves identifying information as familiar or having been previously encountered. Serial position testing involves presenting a list of items and measuring recall based on the position of the item in the list. The relearning method involves measuring memory based on the amount of time it takes to relearn previously learned information.

Question 15

Kumo always studies at night in her bedroom. When she is taking an exam and cannot remember a particular answer, she often imagines herself in her bedroom. Sometimes that technique helps her to remember the material she studied. Which of the following is Kumo using to assist her memory?
A)state-dependent memory
B)the primacy effect
C)the serial position effect
D)the context effect

Accepted Answer

The context can serve as retrieval cues.

Question 16

Multiple choice exams are to _____ as essay exams are to _____
A)recall; recognition.
B)relearning; recall.
C)recognition; relearning.
D)recognition; recall.

Accepted Answer

Recognition, measured by a multiple-choice test, involves recognizing the answer from the distracters. Recall, measured by essay exams, requires searching for, collecting, and organizing information from memory.

Question 17

The tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned, along with memory of the information itself, is known as _____
A)state-dependent memory.
B)the context effect.
C)the serial position effect.
D)the primacy effect.

Accepted Answer

The context effect refers to the tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned, along with memory of the information itself. State-dependent memory refers to the tendency to recall information better in the same internal state in which it was learned (e.g. being in the same mood). The serial position effect refers to the fact that people tend to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle. The primacy effect specifically refers to the tendency to remember the first items in a list.

Question 18

When a person has a better memory for items at the end of a list he/she tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.
A)recency effect
B)serial cognition effect
C)metamemory effect
D)primacy effect

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to people's tendency to better remember items that are presented last in a list or sequence. This is a common finding in memory research and is often attributed to the fact that these items are still fresh in the person's short-term memory when the recall task is performed.

Question 19

Mitzi learned the concept of classical conditioning for the first time in her psychology class. It took her about 60 minutes to thoroughly learn the process. Three weeks later, she had an exam in that class that covered classical conditioning. As she studied for that part of her exam, she realized it took her about 60 minutes to understand it once again. Which of the following statements is true of Mitzi based on this scenario?
A)It is evident that she did not maintain any of the original learning in her long-term memory.
B)Based on the relearning technique, her savings score was 100%.
C)It can be ascertained that Mitzi learned about half of the material the first time around.
D)After calculating Mitzi's savings score, it is clear that she maintained about 60% of what she learned the first time around.

Accepted Answer

If it took her 60 minutes the first time and 60 minutes the second time, her savings score was 0%. This means she did not learn anything the first time.

Question 20

The _____ is the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence.
A)relearning method
B)context effect
C)levels-of-processing theory
D)serial position effect

Accepted Answer

The described phenomenon is known as the serial position effect, and it refers to the tendency for people to recall the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a sequence more easily than those in the middle.

Quiz 6: Memory

A(n) _____ is any stimulus or bit of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long-term memory.

Julie is a participant in a research project. She is instructed to memorize a list of items. Julie reads the list, in order, over and over again. When it comes time for her to be tested on what items she remembers, what will the finding likely be?

Averee just finished her sociology exam in which she was given 50 questions. Her professor also supplied 50 responses; all Averee had to do was pick the right answer from a field of four options. Averee's sociology professor tested her _____

As 3-year-old Luca is learning to count to ten, his parents notice he always remembers one, two, three easily and then nine, ten easily. However, he often skips or mixes up the numbers in the middle. This example demonstrates _____

Imagine you are trying to remember a list of words. Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _

_____ refers to finding that memory is better for things at the beginning and the end of a list as compared to memory for things in the middle of the list.

When a person has a better memory for items at the beginning of a list he/she tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.

Luisine took his statistics exam and was glad he studied as hard as he did. He remembers that it took him about an hour to relearn how to solve the problems after spending four hours on them the first time. Based on the relearning method, what was Luisine's savings score?

_____ is a measure of memory in which retention is expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally.

When certain stimuli help in aiding long-term memory retrieval, those things act as _____

_____ is a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before.

_____ is a way to measure memory that involves searching for information in order to produce it.

Kumo always studies at night in her bedroom. When she is taking an exam and cannot remember a particular answer, she often imagines herself in her bedroom. Sometimes that technique helps her to remember the material she studied. Which of the following is Kumo using to assist her memory?

Multiple choice exams are to _ as essay exams are to _

The tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned, along with memory of the information itself, is known as _____

When a person has a better memory for items at the end of a list he/she tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.

The _____ is the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence.