Question 1

Rima is the newest attorney in a large law firm. She knows no one, and the only person who really knows her is the gentleman who interviewed and hired her. She is determined to work hard, get noticed, and get her first raise before the end of her first year of employment. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Rima the most?

Accepted Answer

Rima's motivation is based on her getting noticed and rewarded.

Question 2

Which of the following researchers developed the Thematic Apperception Test?

Accepted Answer

Henry Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in the 1930s while working with his colleagues at Harvard University.

Question 3

Nino finds that he sets high standards of excellence for himself and strives to reach those standards. Nino notices that his desire to reach difficult goals and attain high standards seems to increase as previous goals are met. Nino is said to have _____

Accepted Answer

Nino's behavior defines the need for achievement.

Question 4

Matthew is a teacher at a local high school. He doesn't particularly like his job, nor does he have much regard for his students. He shows up to work every day and works hard enough to be better than the worst teacher. He does enough avoid getting fired or otherwise losing his job, but by no means is he striving to be a great teacher. According to research on the goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely fits Matthew's motivation?

Accepted Answer

Matthew compares himself with the worst teacher in the school. As long as he is better than the worst teacher, he is satisfied.

Question 5

The first needs that must be met before others, according to Maslow, positioned at the bottom of the hierarchy, are the _____ needs.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs identifies physiological needs as the most basic and fundamental needs for survival, such as food, water, shelter, sleep, and oxygen. Without these basic physiological needs, an individual's survival and well-being would be threatened, making these needs the foundation for higher level needs such as safety, love/belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 6

Rhianna is fiercely competitive in the classroom. If she does not graduate at the head of the class she will feel bad. According to research on the goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely fits Rhianna's motivation?

Accepted Answer

She is comparing herself to others and finds motivation in avoiding an outcome that would make her feel bad.

Question 7

The three major concepts that form the basis for work motivation within the expectancy theory are _____

Accepted Answer

The three major concepts that form the basis for work motivation within the expectancy theory are expectancy (belief that effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (belief that performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (value placed on those outcomes). Therefore, choice B is the correct answer as it includes all three concepts.

Question 8

Felicity is a highly motivated pharmaceutical representative. She has earned a company-paid trip for the last two years and has enjoyed every bit of those vacations. Because she values those trips so much, she has made it a personal goal to earn another trip this year. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Felicity the most?

Accepted Answer

Felicity values the rewards she has earned and is motivated by those rewards.

Question 9

The _____ is a social motive named by _____, which suggests that some individuals have the desire to accomplish something difficult and to hold themselves to high standards.

Accepted Answer

The need for achievement is a social motive named by Henry Murray that suggests some individuals have the desire to accomplish something difficult and hold themselves to high standards. Maslow's notion of self-actualization is a broader concept that refers to the realization of one's full potential, while Buss's goal orientation theory focuses on individual differences in how people approach and pursue their goals.

Question 10

According to the goal orientation theory, those who adhere to the _____ orientation seem to be motivated to do whatever may be necessary to avoid failing, whereas those who adhere to the _____ orientation are intrinsically motivated to do whatever they can to put themselves into a position to succeed.

Accepted Answer

For the mastery/avoidance orientation: Because failing might threaten the person's self-worth, their motivation and work is fueled by failure avoidance. For the mastery/approach orientation: This person's motivation comes from setting goals and working to attain those goals because they feel it is intrinsically meaningful.

Question 11

Elliott, fresh out of college, is an engineer who has just begun his career. He knows that the harder he works, the better he will get at engineering. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Elliott the most?

Accepted Answer

Elliott expects that the more effort he puts in, the more improvement he'll see in his performance.

Question 12

Bryce knows that the rest of the class got D's and F's on a difficult exam, so he is happy with a C, even though he knows he could have gotten an A with a little more effort. Bryce's motivation best matches _____

Accepted Answer

Bryce compares himself with others who get lower grades. As long as he is better than the worst students, he will be satisfied.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the research by McClelland and Atkinson regarding the need for achievement (n Ach)?

Accepted Answer

McClelland and Atkinson's research found that individuals with a high need for achievement set difficult and challenging goals for themselves in order to experience the satisfaction and excitement of accomplishing them. This drive is not fueled by fear of failure but rather by a desire for personal accomplishment and growth.

Question 14

According to Maslow, the need to _____ must be met before _____.

Accepted Answer

Esteem needs (feeling competent and gaining respect from others)come before self-actualization in Maslow's theory.

Question 15

Allya is in her third year of college and has a grade point of average of 3.92 out of 4.00. She is not really concerned about other students in her courses; Allya is simply determined to earn the highest grade point average possible based on her abilities. According to goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely led her to achieve this high GPA?

Accepted Answer

Allya is intrinsically motivated to earn a high GPA regardless of the performance of others.

Question 16

Kerry is a straight A student. She does not really enjoy studying, but her siblings are all straight A students and her parents are extremely proud of that. She does not want to disappoint her parents or be labeled the "dumb sister," so she often stays up all night studying even though she is not really interested in the class. She demonstrates _____

Accepted Answer

Although she does compare herself to her siblings, her primary motivation is to avoid the unpleasant outcomes of disappointing her parents or being called "dumb."

Question 17

Which of the following orientation of the goal orientation theory entails comparisons to others?

Accepted Answer

The category of performance involves comparison to others as a motivating factor.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT part of the goal orientation theory?

Accepted Answer

The correct terms in the goal orientation theory are mastery/approach, performance/approach, and mastery/avoidance. The term "achievement/avoidance" is not part of the theory.

Question 19

According to Maslow's research, which of the following appears to be the "hallmark" of self-actualizers?

Accepted Answer

Peak experiences are considered the hallmark of self-actualizers according to Maslow's research. These are moments of highest happiness and fulfillment.

Question 20

_____ is best known for his hierarchy of needs theory.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow is the psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs theory which explains the human needs and motivations to achieve self-actualization.

Quiz 9: Motivation and Emotion