Question 1

The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as:

Accepted Answer

The principle of utility, also known as utilitarianism, is a philosophical principle that emphasizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It suggests that actions should be evaluated based on their ability to provide utility or happiness to the majority of people affected by them. A) Hedonism focuses on pleasure as the ultimate goal, while C) the cartographic approach is a method of mapping physical spaces, and D) the contrast effect refers to the phenomenon of perception being influenced by comparisons with similar stimuli.

Question 2

According to Raffael Garofalo,societies can only be protected from _____ criminals by swiftly executing them,regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.

Accepted Answer

The word "extreme" fits the sentence as it suggests that only the most serious and dangerous criminals can be kept at bay through the swift execution, regardless of the crime they committed. The other options do not fit the context. "Endemic" refers to a disease that is regularly found in a particular area or group. "Impulsive" suggests that the criminals act without thinking or planning. "Professional" does not specify any level of crime, and therefore does not support the sentence as it requires the criminals to be of a certain severity.

Question 3

A man is convicted of robbery.The stance that he should be punished in proportion to the level of damage caused to society by his crime is most representative of the contributions of _____.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria believed in the concept of proportional punishment, where an offender's punishment should be in proportion to the harm caused to society by their crime. This idea is reflected in the given scenario, where the offender's punishment should be proportionate to the harm caused by the robbery. The other options, such as Cesare Lombroso's theory of criminal anthropology, Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism, and Adolphe Quetelet's theory of the average man, do not directly relate to the given scenario.

Question 4

The philosopher the most closely associated with the principle of utility was:

Accepted Answer

The principle of utility, which holds that actions and policies should aim to maximize overall happiness or well-being, is closely associated with the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham. Lombroso was an Italian criminologist, Quetelet was a Belgian statistician, and Beccaria was an Italian jurist, none of whom are particularly associated with utilitarianism.

Question 5

Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that:

Accepted Answer

Beccaria argued that punishment should fit the crime and that it should be proportionate to the harm caused. He believed in the concept of deterrence and that the severity of punishment should be balanced with the likelihood of being caught.

Question 6

Cesare Lombroso,Raffael Garofalo,and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the _____ school of criminology.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Lombroso, Raffael Garofalo, and Enrico Ferri were all Italian criminologists who founded what is now known as the Italian school of criminology.

Question 7

The 8ᵗʰ Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment; this is most closely aligned with the ideas of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The 8ᵗʰ Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, is most closely aligned with Cesare Beccaria's ideas of rational and proportional punishments. Beccaria argued that punishment should fit the crime and be designed to deter future crime, rather than being used as a means of retribution or vengeance.

Question 8

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?

Accepted Answer

Classicalism believes that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature and that individuals are rational beings who weigh the potential costs and benefits of their actions before making a decision. They believe that individuals are motivated by pleasure and pain, and they seek to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain.

Question 9

The idea that the punishment should be tailored to the risk level of the individual,not the crime,is most representative of the _____ school of criminology.

Accepted Answer

The Italian school of criminology, also known as the positivist school, emphasized the importance of individualized treatment and rehabilitation for offenders based on their specific characteristics and risk factors. This approach differed from the classical school, which focused on punishing offenders equally for their crimes, regardless of individual differences. The German and Russian schools also had individualized approaches to criminology, but they were not specifically focused on tailoring punishment to an individual's risk level.

Question 10

_____ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.

Accepted Answer

Hedonistic calculus is a method to weigh the anticipated benefits against the possible costs. It is a utilitarian approach that tries to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Human agency refers to the ability of individuals to make choices and act on them. Rationality is a broader concept that includes the ability to reason, think logically, make decisions, and solve problems. Positivism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the use of scientific methods to understand the world. None of these concepts specifically refer to the process of weighing benefits against costs.

Question 11

_____ are known for the emphasis that they place on the scientific method.

Accepted Answer

Positivists are known for the emphasis they place on the scientific method, which involves a systematic and empirical approach to research and analysis. They believe that all knowledge can be obtained through scientific observation and experimentation, and that this approach is the only reliable way to uncover the laws and principles that govern human behavior and society.

Question 12

Rather than exploring why individuals commit crime,_____ criminologists are interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.

Accepted Answer

Cartographic criminologists are interested in the spatial distribution of crime and how it relates to geographic features such as neighborhoods, cities, and regions. They aim to identify patterns and trends in crime and use this information to develop strategies and policies to prevent and reduce criminal behavior. Classical, hedonistic, and neoclassical criminologists focus on the individual factors that lead to criminal behavior, such as rational decision-making or biological predispositions.

Question 13

_____ is a concept in rational choice theory referring to how people decide to offend.

Accepted Answer

Choice structuring is the concept in rational choice theory that refers to how individuals weigh the potential costs and benefits of committing an offense before engaging in it. This process involves evaluating factors such as the likelihood of getting caught, the severity of the punishment, and the potential rewards of the offense. By understanding how individuals structure their choices, criminologists can develop strategies to deter criminal behavior.

Question 14

_____ was the term used by Lombroso to refer to those whom he considered to be evolutionary "throwbacks"-biological inferior beings who resembled ancestral prehuman forms of life.

Accepted Answer

Lombroso used the term "atavism" to describe individuals he believed were biologically inferior and resembled ancestral prehuman forms of life, and who were therefore more prone to criminal behavior.

Question 15

Criminologist Raffael Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as _____ criminals.

Accepted Answer

Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as impulsive criminals, as their actions are driven by a lack of self-control and are not premeditated.

Question 16

_____ specifically refers to the concept that maintains that people have the capacity to make choices,and the moral responsibility to make moral choices regardless of any constraints that might exist.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is human agency, which refers to the belief that individuals have free will and are responsible for their actions. The other choices are not relevant to this concept.

Question 17

Engaging in a debate about the death penalty,one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders,it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense.This is most clearly representative of the _____ school of criminology.

Accepted Answer

The Italian school of criminology, particularly associated with Cesare Lombroso, emphasized the idea of social defense, focusing on protecting society from offenders rather than deterring crime through punishment.

Question 18

The doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life is known as:

Accepted Answer

Hedonism is the doctrine that pleasure, in the sense of a positive subjective experience, is the only thing that is intrinsically valuable and the main goal of life. The other options listed do not relate to this specific idea.

Question 19

Rational choice theory is most closely linked to the _____ school.

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory is most closely associated with the Classical school of criminology, which includes thinkers such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. This school emphasizes the importance of individuals making rational choices based on their own self-interest and the potential costs and benefits of their actions.

Question 20

The father of classical criminology is generally considered to be:

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian philosopher and economist, is considered the father of classical criminology. He wrote an influential book called "On Crimes and Punishments" in 1764, which argued for the rationality of punishment and the need for a legal system based on proportionality and deterrence. He emphasized the importance of the social contract and individual rights, and his ideas had a significant impact on criminal justice systems in Europe and North America. The other choices were also important figures in the development of criminology, but Beccaria is widely recognized as the founder of classical criminology.

Quiz 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts