Stanley Fish argues against older understandings of media and literature,which held that a text is unchanging and universal.He argues that each member of an audience can interpret and so "create" a work,but he does not claim that each audience member has absolute freedom to interpret in unique ways because

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Fish argues that individuals are part of a larger interpretive community that shapes their understandings of texts. While he acknowledges that each individual has some freedom to interpret a text, he also emphasizes the ways in which social norms, cultural contexts, and linguistic structures can influence interpretation. Therefore, he does not claim that individuals have absolute freedom to interpret in unique ways, but rather that interpretation is always situated within broader social and cultural contexts.

Stanley Fish Argues Against Older Understandings of Media and Literature,which