Question 1

A basic premise of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy is:

Accepted Answer

Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) posits that emotional suffering or distress results from irrational beliefs, assumptions, and demands that individuals hold about themselves, others, or the world. Therefore, the focus is on identifying and replacing these irrational thoughts with rational ones to alleviate emotional distress.

Question 2

A meta-analysis by Dobson (1989)revealed that greater short-term improvements for depression symptoms were achieved using:

Accepted Answer

Beck's cognitive therapy was found to achieve greater short-term improvements for depression symptoms compared to other therapies, according to the meta-analysis by Dobson in 1989.

Question 3

Lee thinks that a stepped care model of treatment may be most helpful for his practice. What is one concern he should have?

Accepted Answer

One concern with a stepped care model of treatment is that people may drop out of treatment before getting better. This is because they may not see immediate results from the initial intervention and become discouraged, leading them to disengage from treatment altogether. It is important for practitioners to monitor and address this potential issue as part of implementing a stepped care approach.

Question 4

Many researchers claim that CBT is superior to other types of therapy, however:

Accepted Answer

The mechanisms of how CBT works are not fully understood, despite its effectiveness and popularity.

Question 5

Efforts to establish generalization of treatment gains is sometimes accomplished by:

Accepted Answer

Intermittent reinforcement can help maintain a behavior over time, reducing the chances of it becoming extinct. Reducing secondary gain helps remove possible barriers to generalization by removing any benefits that may be associated with the maladaptive behavior. Providing reinforcement from the environment helps encourage the individual to engage in the adaptive behavior by providing benefits or rewards for doing so. All of these strategies can help establish and maintain generalization of treatment gains.

Question 6

Cognitive therapy, according to Beck, suggests:

Accepted Answer

All three options (A, B, and C) are correct according to Beck's cognitive therapy. Beck believed that people make assumptions about their lives that can lead to distress, and that these assumptions are based on underlying schemas (patterns of thoughts or beliefs) that control unstated verbalizations. He also believed that cognitive biases can contribute to depressed and anxious mood. Therefore, the best answer is D, all of the above.

Question 7

In comparison to the United States, psychiatric services in Canada are more accessible for patients because:

Accepted Answer

Psychiatric services in Canada are government-funded, which means that patients do not have to pay out of pocket for their treatment. This makes it more accessible to people who may not have the financial means to pay for mental health services.

Question 8

Schema therapy seems to be effective for:

Accepted Answer

Schema therapy has been found to be particularly effective for individuals with personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder, as it targets deeply ingrained negative patterns of thinking and behavior. It may also be effective for those with complex issues, but it is not necessarily only for those who do not respond to medication or have good self-awareness and desire to change.

Question 9

After several weeks of therapy, George's therapist visits his home and manipulates his surroundings in order to support the changes they've made in therapy. This generalization attempt is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Environmental modification involves manipulating an individual's surroundings in order to support the changes made in therapy. George's therapist visiting his home and making these modifications is an example of environmental modification. Naturalistic reinforcement involves reinforcing desirable behaviors in natural settings rather than in a therapy setting. Eliminating secondary gain involves identifying and addressing the potential benefits an individual may receive from maintaining maladaptive behaviors. Relapse prevention involves planning and implementing strategies to prevent a return to maladaptive behavior after treatment has ended.

Question 10

Weaning a client off reinforcers obtained in treatment is done in a hope the client:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Weaning a client off reinforcers obtained in...

Question 11

Which cognitive therapy approach focuses on core themes or constructs?

Accepted Answer

Young's Schema therapy focuses on identifying and modifying core themes or constructs, called schemas, that underlie a person's maladaptive beliefs and behaviors. Ellis' REBT, Beck's CT, and Meichenbaum's approach may address beliefs and thought patterns, but they do not center specifically on core schemas.

Question 12

The Canadian Psychological Association Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2012)stated that:

Accepted Answer

The Canadian Psychological Association Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2012) recommends that psychologists should stay up to date on the literature to inform their practice. While psychologists are encouraged to provide empirically-supported treatment, they are not limited to using only treatments from a specific list, such as the APA list of empirically-supported treatments. The recommendation regarding prescription privileges is not included in the task force's statement on evidence-based practice.

Question 13

Beck's Cognitive Therapy and Ellis' Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy differ in that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Beck's Cognitive Therapy and Ellis' Rational Emotive...

Question 14

According to Dobson (2013), which interventions have focus on acknowledging and accepting difficult situations and self-realities?

Accepted Answer

Dobson (2013) specifically mentions acceptance-based interventions as those that focus on acknowledging and accepting difficult situations and self-realities. While mindfulness-based interventions may also have an element of acceptance, it is not the main focus of these interventions. Cognitive-based interventions may involve challenging and changing negative thought patterns rather than accepting them. A-B-C-D analysis is a problem-solving strategy rather than an intervention for acceptance and self-realization.

Question 15

Jan is now ready to terminate her therapy sessions. After arriving home, she worries that the improvements and accomplishments she has made over the past year were actually her therapists' responsibility. Jan is convinced she will not be able to maintain her current level of functioning. The best approach to deal with Jan's feelings is through examining:

Accepted Answer

Examining attribution to self will help Jan explore the extent to which she played a role in her improvements and accomplishments. This will help her recognize her own abilities and strengths, boosting her self-esteem and confidence in maintaining her current level of functioning. Naturalistic reinforcement, environmental modification, and secondary gain are not as relevant in addressing Jan's specific concerns about her ability to maintain her progress after terminating therapy.

Question 16

In terms of the attempt to link clinical practice to the empirical literature on the effectiveness of therapies, in contrast to the U.S. who is redeveloping lists of empirically supported therapies, the Canadian Psychological Association Task Force:

Accepted Answer

The Canadian Psychological Association Task Force provided information about the limitations of current empirical knowledge, rather than simply redeveloping lists of empirically supported therapies like the U.S. This suggests that they recognized the limitations of current research and sought to address them, rather than solely relying on existing evidence.

Question 17

Stepped care models of treatment may be most appropriate to use when:

Accepted Answer

Stepped care models are designed to efficiently utilize limited resources by starting with the least intensive form of treatment and then gradually increasing the level of intervention as needed. Therefore, it is most appropriate to use when resources are scarce.

Question 18

Theodore is receiving treatment for his fear of flying. He is first trained in relaxation skills, then imagines increasingly anxiety-evoking images of flying while in a relaxed state. This treatment is called:

Accepted Answer

Theodore is undergoing systematic desensitization, which involves gradually exposing him to the feared stimulus (flying) while in a state of relaxation. This technique helps individuals to overcome their phobias or anxieties by increasing their tolerance for the feared stimulus. Cognitive modification involves changing negative thought patterns, token economy is a behavior modification system used to reinforce desired behaviors, and exposure therapy involves directly and repeatedly exposing the individual to the feared stimulus.

Question 19

The advent of managed care has changed what aspect of practice for psychologists?

Accepted Answer

The advent of managed care has increased the emphasis on accountability for psychologists, requiring them to document the effectiveness of their interventions and demonstrate the value of their services.

Question 20

Systematic desensitization relies on which theoretical position?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy based on classical conditioning, which aims to reduce anxiety through the gradual exposure to a feared stimulus while in a state of relaxation. This theory proposes that fear is learned through association, and can be unlearned through the same process.

Quiz 17: Outcomes and Issues in Psychological Intervention