Question 1

Selective attention is facilitated,enhanced,and improved by way of the ________ of the brainstem,which acts as the origin point of neurons,which project to the cerebral cortex and release ________ neurotransmitter(s).
A)pons,acetylcholine
B)basal nuclei,dopamine
C)hypothalamus,serotonin
D)locus ceruleus,norepinephrine
E)thalamus,melatonin

Accepted Answer

The locus ceruleus is located in the brainstem and is responsible for releasing norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in selective attention. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. The pons (A) is also located in the brainstem but is not specifically associated with attention. The basal nuclei (B) are involved in motor control, and dopamine is the neurotransmitter associated with this pathway. The hypothalamus (C) is responsible for regulating homeostasis, and serotonin is involved in mood regulation. The thalamus (E) is a sensory relay center and is not directly involved in attention. Melatonin is released by the pineal gland, which is not one of the options.

Question 2

Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to
A)the mouth and vocal cords.
B)the cerebellum.
C)Broca's area.
D)Wernicke's area.
E)the primary visual cortex.

Accepted Answer

Conceptual aphasia is also known as semantic aphasia, and it is caused by damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe of the brain. This type of aphasia affects a person's ability to understand the meaning of words and concepts.

Question 3

Which of the following molecules might be used to relieve the symptoms of opiate withdrawal when opiate use is stopped?
A)A drug that causes lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter
B)A drug that elevates mood
C)A drug that acts as an antagonist to the same receptor as the original drug
D)A drug that acts as an agonist of the opioid receptor
E)All of the choices are correct

Accepted Answer

Opiate withdrawal symptoms occur due to a decrease in the activity of the opioid receptors in the brain, as the drug stops stimulating these receptors. To relieve the symptoms, a drug that mimics the action of the opioid receptor, acting as an agonist, can be used. This helps to activate the receptors and reduce the intensity of withdrawal symptoms. Therefore, choice D is the best option. The other choices, such as A, B, and C, are not specific to relieving opiate withdrawal symptoms and do not directly address the cause of these symptoms.

Question 4

An EEG with waves of high amplitude and low frequency is descriptive of or occurs during
A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

Waves of high amplitude and low frequency are characteristic of slow-wave sleep.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?
A)Recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it
B)Remembering how to ride a bicycle
C)Being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time
D)Being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later
E)Responding to the sight,smell,taste,or thought of one's favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs

Accepted Answer

Recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it is an example of declarative memory, which is the type of memory for facts and events that we consciously try to remember.

Question 6

You have a new patient who describes having a lot of difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people.An MRI reveals damage to which structure?
A)Thalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Hypothalamus
D)Corpus callosum
E)Broca's area

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a brain structure that plays a critical role in the formation and consolidation of new memories, especially those related to declarative memory (i.e., the ability to consciously remember facts and events). Damage to the hippocampus has been associated with memory impairments, including difficulty in remembering new people, places, or events.

Question 7

When a person loses consciousness,working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness.Why?
A)The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the brain in the skull.
B)There was a deficiency of adequate blood flow to the brain.
C)There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas.
D)Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory.
E)This is an area of neurological research that has not achieved any satisfying conclusions at the present time.

Accepted Answer

There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time?
A)Psychoactive drugs can alter blood flow to the brain.
B)Psychoactive drugs often produce euphoria.
C)Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier.
D)Psychoactive drugs can inhibit production of endogenous neurotransmitters.
E)Psychoactive drugs can up-regulate receptors for endogenous neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

ETolerance develops when the body adjusts to the presence of the drug, often through physiological changes. One such change is the inhibition of the production of endogenous (naturally occurring) neurotransmitters (D), as the body compensates for the artificial increase in neurotransmitter activity caused by the drug. Another change can be the up-regulation (increase in the number) of receptors for these neurotransmitters (E), as the body attempts to maintain normal function despite the presence of the drug.

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true?
A)A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.
B)A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.
C)A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.
D)Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.
E)Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

Accepted Answer

A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking. This is because Broca's area is responsible for the production of speech, while Wernicke's area is responsible for understanding and interpreting language. Option B is incorrect as damage to Wernicke's area results in sensory aphasia or difficulty in understanding language. Option C is incorrect as damage to Wernicke's area does not affect face recognition. Option D and E are incorrect as option B and C are false.

Question 10

A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably
A)suffer from aphasia.
B)develop symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
C)suffer impairment of consolidation of declarative memory.
D)have difficulty learning new physical skills.
E)experience all of the choices.

Accepted Answer

Bilateral damage to the hippocampus is known to cause impairment of consolidation of declarative memory. This can result in difficulty remembering new facts or events, even though other cognitive abilities may be intact. It is not associated with the other options listed.

Question 11

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain,EXCEPT the
A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)limbic system.
D)corpus callosum.
E)hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, is not directly associated with damage to the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is primarily involved in connecting the two hemispheres of the brain and facilitating communication between them, rather than memory formation. Structures like the hippocampus and parts of the limbic system are more directly involved in the process of forming new memories.

Question 12

Alpha EEG rhythm is descriptive of or occurs during
A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

Alpha EEG rhythm is observed in the wakeful state, particularly with closed eyes and relaxation. It is not observed during slow-wave sleep or paradoxical sleep.

Question 13

The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is
A)primary auditory cortex;Wernicke's area;Broca's area;supplementary motor cortex;primary motor cortex.
B)primary auditory cortex;Broca's area;supplementary motor cortex;Wernicke's area;primary motor cortex.
C)primary auditory cortex;Broca's area;Wernicke's area;supplementary motor cortex;primary motor cortex.
D)primary auditory cortex;Broca's area;Wernicke's area;primary motor cortex;supplementary motor cortex.
E)primary auditory cortex;Wernicke's area;Broca's area;primary motor cortex;supplementary motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence starts with the primary auditory cortex (hearing the command), followed by Wernicke's area (comprehending the command), then Broca's area (formulating a response), the supplementary motor cortex (planning the motor response), and finally the primary motor cortex (executing the writing).

Question 14

Of the following substances,which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly?
A)Nicotine
B)Marijuana
C)Alcohol
D)Cocaine
E)Heroin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the following substances,which has the greatest...

Question 15

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is a neurobehavioral problem that is primarily anatomically linked to which area of dysfunction in the brain?
A)Basal nuclei
B)Pituitary gland
C)Prefrontal cerebral cortex
D)Both basal nuclei and pituitary gland
E)Both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex

Accepted Answer

The basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex are both involved in ADHD. The basal nuclei are responsible for motor control and coordination, while the prefrontal cerebral cortex is responsible for executive function, such as planning, decision-making, and attention.

Question 16

Absence of postural muscle tone is descriptive of or occurs during
A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

The absence of postural muscle tone, also known as muscle atonia, is a hallmark of paradoxical sleep (also called rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep). During paradoxical sleep, the brainstem inhibits the spinal neurons that control motor function, resulting in temporary muscle paralysis. In contrast, during slow-wave sleep (also known as non-REM sleep), there is some muscle tone and movement, although it is less frequent and vigorous than during wakefulness. Therefore, choice B is the best option.

Question 17

Rapid eye movement is descriptive of or occurs during
A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

Rapid eye movement (REM) occurs during paradoxical sleep, which is a stage of sleep characterized by high brain activity and muscle paralysis. Slow-wave sleep, on the other hand, is a stage of sleep that is characterized by low brain activity and deep relaxation, and REM does not occur during this stage. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 18

You have a patient who,following a stroke,has impaired comprehension of language.The MRI is likely to reveal damage in which area?
A)Wernicke's area
B)Broca's area
C)Limbic system
D)Hypothalamus
E)Damage to any of these areas could cause this symptom

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension, and damage to this area can result in impaired comprehension of language, which is the symptom described in the question. Broca's area, on the other hand, is responsible for speech production. The limbic system is involved in emotional processing and behavior, while the hypothalamus is involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system and hormone release. Damage to these areas would not directly result in impaired comprehension of language.

Question 19

Damage to the part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to
A)cause difficulty in recognizing faces.
B)be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body.
C)impair speech.
D)Both "cause difficulty in recognizing faces" and "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" are correct.
E)Both "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" and "impair speech" are correct.

Accepted Answer

Damage to Broca's area is specifically associated with impairments in producing and understanding language, but not with recognizing faces or paralysis on the left side of the body.

Question 20

Pulsate secretion of growth hormone is descriptive of or occurs during
A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

Pulsate secretion of growth hormone occurs during slow-wave sleep.

Quiz 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Selective attention is facilitated,enhanced,and improved by way of the of the brainstem,which acts as the origin point of neurons,which project to the cerebral cortex and release neurotransmitter(s) .

Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to

Which of the following molecules might be used to relieve the symptoms of opiate withdrawal when opiate use is stopped?

An EEG with waves of high amplitude and low frequency is descriptive of or occurs during

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

You have a new patient who describes having a lot of difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people.An MRI reveals damage to which structure?

When a person loses consciousness,working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness.Why?

Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time?

Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true?

A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain,EXCEPT the

Alpha EEG rhythm is descriptive of or occurs during

The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is

Of the following substances,which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral problem that is primarily anatomically linked to which area of dysfunction in the brain?

Absence of postural muscle tone is descriptive of or occurs during

Rapid eye movement is descriptive of or occurs during

You have a patient who,following a stroke,has impaired comprehension of language.The MRI is likely to reveal damage in which area?

Damage to the part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to

Pulsate secretion of growth hormone is descriptive of or occurs during