Question 1

Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while asleep.
A)apnea
B)dystonia
C)ataxia
D)dyspepsia

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep. Dystonia refers to a movement disorder, ataxia is a condition of impaired coordination, and dyspepsia is a term used to describe indigestion or discomfort in the upper abdomen.

Question 2

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)at a party.As her friend,what warning would you give her?
A)It can cause symptoms of schizophrenia.
B)It can lead to major depressive episodes.
C)It can cause hallucinations (flashbacks)even after the drug has been discontinued.
D)It is strongly addictive and stopping the use of it causes strong withdrawal symptoms.

Accepted Answer

LSD can cause hallucinations even after the drug has been discontinued, which can be disturbing and unpredictable. Additionally, there is no way to predict who will experience flashbacks or when they might occur, making it potentially dangerous. It is important for Megan to be aware of the potential long-term effects of the drug before deciding to try it.

Question 3

The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____.
A)tocotrienol
B)tert-butylhydroquinone
C)thiazolidinedione
D)tetrahydrocannabinol

Accepted Answer

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major psychoactive chemical in marijuana. It binds to receptors in the brain and produces the characteristic high associated with marijuana use.

Question 4

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease?
A)It causes Parkinson's disease.
B)It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease.
C)It prevents one from acquiring Parkinson's disease.
D)It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is an inverse correlation between caffeine consumption and the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. This means that higher caffeine intake is associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. However, this does not mean that caffeine prevents Parkinson's disease, just that there is a relationship between the two.

Question 5

When Gregg first started drinking alcohol,he needed only one or two beers to feel "buzzed";now he needs at least four or five beers before he feels anything.What process describes Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects?
A)Drug resistance
B)Desensitization
C)Habituation
D)Tolerance

Accepted Answer

Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects is described as tolerance. Tolerance occurs when the body becomes accustomed to the effects of a drug and requires more of it to achieve the same results. This can lead to increased use and potential addiction.

Question 6

Jason sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs.Which diagnosis might Jason have received?
A)Sleep apnea
B)Somnambulism
C)Narcolepsy
D)Insomnia

Accepted Answer

The loud and disruptive machine using a mask to regulate airflow into the lungs indicate that Jason is experiencing sleep apnea, a condition where an individual experiences disrupted breathing during sleep. The machine is likely a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine, a common treatment for sleep apnea. Somnambulism (sleepwalking) and narcolepsy (excessive daytime sleepiness) do not typically require the use of a CPAP machine. Insomnia may cause difficulty falling or staying asleep, but it does not typically require a CPAP machine.

Question 7

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day.She decides to cut her coffee habit "cold turkey," but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep.Jordan is experiencing ____.
A)the desensitization effect
B)withdrawal symptoms
C)recoil narcosis
D)sensitization syndrome

Accepted Answer

Jordan is experiencing withdrawal symptoms, which are caused by abruptly stopping a habit-forming substance (in this case, caffeine). The lethargy she is experiencing is a common symptom of caffeine withdrawal.

Question 8

Consider the following scenarios.Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state?
A)Brian is in a persistent state of unconsciousness;he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli.
B)Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident;however,she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment.
C)Anil is in a coma;his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes even smiles or cries,but Anil's doctors tell her that these actions are random.
D)Muriel was in a deep coma;she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice,but she cannot open her eyes or speak.

Accepted Answer

Anil's condition, where he occasionally opens his eyes and exhibits random actions like smiling or crying without conscious awareness, aligns with the characteristics of a persistent vegetative state.

Question 9

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him,"Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency room,Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe.
A)Temporal
B)Parietal
C)Occipital
D)Frontal

Accepted Answer

The temporal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information such as hearing, and also plays a role in memory and language. The symptoms described by Regina suggest a partial seizure originating in the temporal lobe.

Question 10

Brain death is characterized by ____.
A)a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months
B)two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart
C)a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 weeks
D)EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours

Accepted Answer

Brain death is characterized by the absence of brainstem reflexes and two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart.

Question 11

Natalia,who suffers from epilepsy,experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness,stops breathing,and thrashes about uncontrollably.Natalia experienced which type of seizure?
A)Partial tonic-clonic
B)Partial myoclonic
C)Generalized tonic-clonic
D)Generalized myoclonic

Accepted Answer

Natalia experienced a seizure in which she lost consciousness, stopped breathing, and thrashed about uncontrollably, which are all characteristics of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

Question 12

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs,such as caffeine.As her well-informed friend,you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____.
A)block dopamine uptake in the brain
B)stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain
C)interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain
D)upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain

Accepted Answer

Caffeine is known to interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep and suppresses arousal. Caffeine's chemical structure is similar to that of adenosine and can bind to adenosine receptors in the brain, thereby blocking these receptors and preventing adenosine from binding. This results in increased neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release, leading to the stimulant effects of caffeine.

Question 13

The neurological conditions prosopagnosia and Capgras syndrome,which affect aspects of facial recognition,have taught us that conscious experience ____.
A)is an all-or-nothing phenomenon
B)stems from the integration of several brain pathways
C)evolved to ensure species continuation in humans and lower animals
D)is a uniquely human attribute that is only approximated by some lower species

Accepted Answer

Prosopagnosia and Capgras syndrome show us that facial recognition involves the integration of several brain pathways, rather than being an all-or-nothing phenomenon. This suggests that conscious experience is not a single, separate process, but instead emerges from the coordinated activity of multiple brain regions. The conditions also suggest that these processes are not uniquely human, as they are found in other animals, including monkeys.

Question 14

The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity?
A)GABA
B)Glutamate
C)Dopamine
D)Norepinephrine

Accepted Answer

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its inhibition can lead to increased neuronal excitability and the onset of seizures.

Question 15

Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?
A)Glutamate
B)Norepinephrine
C)Serotonin
D)Dopamine

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating breathing, heart rate, and arousal, may be a contributing factor in some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Question 16

Which of the following areas of the brain is not associated with playing a large role in brain addiction?
A)Basal ganglia
B)Nucleus accumbens
C)Insula
D)Reticular formation

Accepted Answer

The reticular formation is not typically associated with playing a significant role in addiction. It is primarily involved in regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions. The basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, and insula are all regions of the brain involved in addiction.

Question 17

Following cardiac arrest,Teresa's father Ike is in a coma.Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____.
A)alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep
B)alpha and theta waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern
C)only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep
D)only alpha waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern

Accepted Answer

The answer of Following cardiac arrest,Teresa's father Ike is in...

Question 18

Sam suffers from restless leg syndrome.From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer?
A)Obsessive compulsive disorder
B)Generalized anxiety disorder
C)Bipolar disorder
D)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Accepted Answer

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is often associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as both conditions can involve issues with dopamine regulation in the brain.

Question 19

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences,the perception of light at the end of a tunnel,and the state of calmness?
A)Deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways
B)Increased inhibition of action potentials in brainstem neurons
C)Activation of the nigrostriatal pathway
D)Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain

Accepted Answer

During near-death experiences, the brain may release neuroprotective chemicals like endorphins and other neurotransmitters to minimize cell loss and create feelings of calmness and altered perception, contributing to the phenomena described.

Question 20

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____,which cause a disruption in the production of ________.
A)hippocampus;neurotransmitters
B)amygdala;neuromodulators
C)medulla;oxytocin
D)hypothalamus;orexin

Accepted Answer

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their hypothalamus, specifically in the area responsible for production of orexin (also known as hypocretin). Orexin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate wakefulness and alertness. Its deficiency is thought to contribute to the symptoms of narcolepsy, including excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of REM sleep.

Quiz 6: The Aware Mind Elements of Consciousness

Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while asleep.

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party.As her friend,what warning would you give her?

The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____.

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease?

When Gregg first started drinking alcohol,he needed only one or two beers to feel "buzzed";now he needs at least four or five beers before he feels anything.What process describes Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects?

Jason sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs.Which diagnosis might Jason have received?

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day.She decides to cut her coffee habit "cold turkey," but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep.Jordan is experiencing ____.

Consider the following scenarios.Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state?

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him,"Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency room,Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe.

Brain death is characterized by ____.

Natalia,who suffers from epilepsy,experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness,stops breathing,and thrashes about uncontrollably.Natalia experienced which type of seizure?

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs,such as caffeine.As her well-informed friend,you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____.

The neurological conditions prosopagnosia and Capgras syndrome,which affect aspects of facial recognition,have taught us that conscious experience ____.

The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity?

Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?

Which of the following areas of the brain is not associated with playing a large role in brain addiction?

Following cardiac arrest,Teresa's father Ike is in a coma.Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____.

Sam suffers from restless leg syndrome.From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer?

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences,the perception of light at the end of a tunnel,and the state of calmness?

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ,which cause a disruption in the production of ____.