Question 1

In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model proposes that certain individuals are more vulnerable or predisposed (diathesis) to developing certain disorders, such as anxiety or depression, due to their genetic, biological, or environmental factors. Stressful life events or circumstances (stress) then interact with these vulnerabilities to trigger the onset of the disorder. Therefore, diathesis in this model refers to an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.

Question 2

Your uncle has been diagnosed with social phobia, and you believe that it is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is

Accepted Answer

The theory that the uncle's social phobia is solely caused by lack of socialization during his teen years is a one-dimensional model. It only considers one factor, socialization, and does not account for the influence of genetics, cognitive and environmental factors, which are all considered in multidimensional and integrative models.

Question 3

In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to

Accepted Answer

In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger the onset of a disorder. This means that a genetic predisposition (diathesis) interacts with environmental stressors to cause the development of a psychological disorder. It is a combination of both nature and nurture factors that lead to the onset of a disorder. Internal conflicts, expression of defective genes, or exposure to unusual and extreme situations are not specific to the diathesis-stress model.

Question 4

Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a type of influence referred to as

Accepted Answer

Polygenic influence means that a trait or disorder is influenced by multiple genes, rather than just one. This is the case for most psychological disorders, which are complex and likely influenced by combinations of many genes. Systemic, unigenic, and morphogenic influence are not applicable terms in this context.

Question 5

___________ is an excitatory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons, leading to action.

Accepted Answer

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that activates many different neurons, leading to action potential and the release of other neurotransmitters. It is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and plays an important role in learning and memory. Serotonin (A) and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (B) are inhibitory neurotransmitters, while Norepinephrine (D) is involved in the "fight or flight" response and arousal.

Question 6

The study of twins has shown us that

Accepted Answer

The study of twins has shown us that while genetics play a significant role in a person's development, various environmental factors can dramatically affect the expression of those genes. For example, even identical twins may have different personalities or health outcomes if they grew up in different households with different lifestyles and experiences.

Question 7

The multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology is based on understanding of

Accepted Answer

The multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology takes into account biological, psychological, emotional, social, and developmental influences on mental illness. It recognizes that no single factor can adequately explain the complex nature of psychopathology, and that a comprehensive approach is necessary for effective treatment.

Question 8

Shanlee inherited a physiological trait that makes her more prone to anxiety. When she was 9, she was riding in car that was involved in a serious accident. If Shanlee were to develop a phobia of driving a car, the model that would probably best explain the cause of her phobia is the ________ model

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model suggests that individuals with a susceptibility to a particular disorder will only develop the disorder if they are exposed to a particular environmental stressor. In this case, Shanlee's inherited predisposition for anxiety may be the diathesis, while the car accident may have been the environmental stressor that triggered the development of her phobia.

Question 9

The most accurate way to think of genes is that they

Accepted Answer

Genes provide some boundaries for our development, meaning they have some influence on our physical characteristics and aspects of our personality, but they do not determine every aspect of who we are. Other factors such as our environment and experiences also play a role in shaping us.

Question 10

According to the diathesis-stress model, psychopathology is the result of the

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model proposes that a person's genetic predisposition (diathesis) interacts with environmental stressors to result in the development of psychopathology. Therefore, the interaction of an inherited tendency and events in an individual's life is the best choice.

Question 11

The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the

Accepted Answer

The gene-environment correlation model suggests that an individual's genes influence the likelihood of experiencing certain environments, including stressful situations. This model posits that our genetic makeup can affect the probability of encountering specific environments that can lead to stress, thus indicating a correlation between our genes and the environments we experience.

Question 12

The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is the ________ model.

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model proposes that a combination of a genetic or inherited predisposition and life stressors or events can lead to the development of psychopathology. This model suggests that individuals may have a genetic vulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder, but it is the environmental factors (stressful events, trauma, etc.) that trigger the disorder.

Question 13

According to the diathesis-stress model, identical twins raised in the same household will

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the diathesis-stress model, identical twins...

Question 14

Many factors determine whether genes are "turned on," including

Accepted Answer

Gene expression can be influenced by a wide range of factors, including social, biological, and cultural influences. These factors can affect the environment in which genes operate, potentially altering their activity.

Question 15

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic versus environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some of the most recent research studies...

Question 16

The basis of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that each dimension (psychological, biological, emotional, etc.)

Accepted Answer

The multidimensional integrative approach posits that each dimension of psychopathology is influenced by and interacts with other dimensions. No single dimension is sufficient to explain the entirety of psychopathology, and each dimension builds on the one that precedes it. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 17

Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is five. Their parents are raising them in a traditional family home. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to

Accepted Answer

The girls' different reactions are most likely due to developmental differences, as Amanda is older and more mature than Samantha.

Question 18

Recent evidence regarding genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

Accepted Answer

Recent evidence has shown that multiple genes interact and each gene contributes a small effect on the development of most psychological disorders. This is known as polygenic inheritance. There is no evidence that a single gene is usually responsible for psychological disorders, nor are the genes usually recessive.

Question 19

Mary Sue inherited a personality trait that makes her more likely to be aggressive. As a result, she does not have many friends and has not had much success in long-term relationships. If Mary Sue were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain the cause of her depression is the ________ model.

Accepted Answer

The gene-environment correlation model best explains Mary Sue's situation because it suggests that her inherited personality trait (genetic predisposition) influences her environment (difficulty in forming friendships and maintaining relationships) in a way that could lead to depression. This model emphasizes how genetic factors can lead to environmental conditions that increase the risk of developing psychological disorders.

Question 20

The process known as ______ is when a neurotransmitter is released, then quickly broken down and brought back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that originally released it.

Accepted Answer

The process described fits the definition of reuptake, which is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the neuron that released it, allowing for efficient recycling and control of levels in the synapse.

Quiz 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology