Question 1

When a word is used too broadly (i.e., beyond its traditional categorical boundaries), what is taking place?

Accepted Answer

When a word is used too broadly, beyond its traditional categorical boundaries, it is known as overextension. This can happen when a child is learning language and does not yet have a full understanding of the meaning and proper usage of a word.

Question 2

Which of the following attention and perceptual skills plays a primary role in a child's learning of words?

Accepted Answer

Shape perception plays a primary role in a child's learning of words as words are typically represented as shapes or outlines, which children use to recognize and distinguish between different words.

Question 3

Why are children motivated to learn language?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are children motivated to learn language?
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Question 4

Which of the following children is most likely using private speech during a piano lesson?

Accepted Answer

Private speech, also known as self-talk, is common in children who are tackling new and difficult tasks. Therefore, Johnny, who is playing a new, difficult song for the first time, is most likely to use private speech during his piano lesson.

Question 5

From where does teaching assistance come during scaffolding?

Accepted Answer

Teaching assistance during scaffolding comes from the teacher or more skilled peer based on the learner's current level of understanding and needs. Therefore, the correct answer is D, which states that the assistance is based on the level of the learner's needs. Options A, B, and C are not accurate explanations of teaching assistance during scaffolding.

Question 6

Tori understands many words in a phrase and this helps her to determine the true meaning of what is being communicated, even when a new word is introduced to her. What is the term used to describe this concept?

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is known as sentence cues, which are contextual clues within a sentence or conversation that help a person understand the meaning of unfamiliar or new words.

Question 7

Andrew is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Stephanie, who is having difficulty, and to Greg, who is doing very well. To do this, what must Andrew do?

Accepted Answer

Implementing a scaffolding style means modifying the level and type of assistance given to students based on their individual needs. In this case, Stephanie requires more assistance, while Greg requires less. Therefore, Andrew should give Stephanie more assistance and give Greg less assistance.

Question 8

In terms of number of words known, how do bilingual children rate?

Accepted Answer

Bilingual children typically have a larger vocabulary than monolingual children, as they have two languages in which they are proficient. However, their vocabulary may be divided between their two languages, meaning that their knowledge of specific words in one language may not be as extensive as that of a monolingual child in that language. So, the total vocabulary of bilingual children is greater than monolingual children.

Question 9

Ed knows what a horse is but has never seen nor heard of a camel. When Ed sees his first camel, he says "horsey." Which concept best explains Ed's reaction?

Accepted Answer

Ed's use of the word "horsey" to refer to a camel demonstrates overextension, which is the tendency for young children to use a word in a broader context than it should be used. In this case, Ed is extending the meaning of the word "horse" to include camels, which he has not yet learned to differentiate as a separate concept.

Question 10

While attempting to correctly answer these questions, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about the level of difficulty of this question. What would Vygotsky call these internal mental remarks?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky would call these internal mental remarks "private speech," which is an important part of his theory of cognitive development. According to Vygotsky, private speech transitions from external to internal self-talk and helps children regulate their behavior and problem-solve.

Question 11

While visiting her grandma, Winona becomes somewhat restless. In an attempt to comfort Winona, her grandmother says, "Why don't you play with the doll in my bedroom?" Winona goes to get the doll, but returns crying and says, "That's not doll. Doll has red hair and sleeps in my room." Which concept best explains Winona's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The underextension principle refers to when children apply a label to a narrower group of objects than adults typically would. In this case, Winona's idea of "doll" is specific to her own doll with red hair that sleeps in her room, and she is upset when the doll in her grandmother's room does not fit that narrow definition.

Question 12

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing math problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. What concept is illustrated by the difference between what Francesca can do alone and what she can do with assistance?

Accepted Answer

The difference between Francesca's ability to complete math problems alone and with direction from her teacher is explained by the concept of zone of proximal development. This refers to the difference between a child's current level of ability and what they could potentially achieve with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable other, such as a teacher or parent. Francesca's ability to complete tasks with assistance from her teacher suggests that she is operating within her zone of proximal development, and could benefit from further guidance and learning opportunities to help her reach her full potential.

Question 13

Who is most associated with the principle of the zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

The principle of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a concept developed by Lev Vygotsky, a renowned Soviet psychologist who lived from 1896 to 1934. The ZPD refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with the guidance and support of a knowledgeable other. The concept is central to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which emphasizes the role of social interactions and cultural context in shaping the ways in which children learn and develop.

Question 14

Dr. Grainger is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Diane when Diane works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. Grainger must measure Diane's personal performance on the maze and something else. What else must Dr. Grainger measure?

Accepted Answer

In order to determine the zone of proximal development, Dr. Grainger must measure Diane's performance on the maze both independently and when assisted by a skilled helper. This will help to identify the gap between what Diane can accomplish on her own and what she can achieve with guidance, which is the essence of the zone of proximal development. Measuring Diane's performance on other Piagetian tasks or comparing her performance to her peers' are not as relevant to this specific assessment. How well Diane performed on the maze earlier in her life may provide some useful context, but it is not essential for determining the zone of proximal development.

Question 15

When 2-year-old Paolo is visiting his grandpa's farm, he sees his first chicken. His grandpa points to the funny red growth on the chicken's head and says, "It is called a comb." What is Paolo's most likely reaction the next time he sees a chicken?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When 2-year-old Paolo is visiting his grandpa's...

Question 16

Which is the best example of underextension?

Accepted Answer

Underextension occurs when a word is used too narrowly to refer to only a specific subset of objects, rather than the broader category. Referring to all fish as sharks is an example of underextension.

Question 17

According to Vygotsky, what kind of speech is another term for thought?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that inner speech, also known as silent or private speech, is the internalized form of external speech that serves as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes, including thinking and problem-solving.

Question 18

Sarah's older sister Lori is helping Sarah to understand how to complete a Sudoku puzzle. Sarah learns how to play Sudoku from Lori, because it is Lori's favourite game. This method of cognitive growth for Sarah is known as which of the following terms?

Accepted Answer

Guided participation is a process in which someone with more knowledge and experience supports a learner in a task or activity. In this scenario, Lori is providing guidance and support to Sarah as she learns to complete a Sudoku puzzle, which is an example of guided participation. Scaffolding involves providing just enough support to help a learner navigate a task or activity on their own, while intersubjectivity refers to the mutual understanding that occurs when two or more individuals share a common focus or task. The one-to-one principle is a concept related to mathematical understanding and does not apply to this scenario.

Question 19

Jake and his dad are playing the board game, Snakes and Ladders. Both Jake and his dad understand that the object of the game is to reach the top of the game board first. This example defines which concept of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding between individuals, which is crucial for cooperative activities and learning. In this scenario, Jake and his dad's mutual understanding of the game's objective exemplifies intersubjectivity.

Question 20

Ben's mom, Sofia, makes up a nonsensical word and has Ben repeat it immediately after to her so that he can learn different speech sounds. What is the name for this ability to briefly remember a speech sound?

Accepted Answer

The ability to briefly remember a speech sound is called phonological memory. This is the storage and processing of speech sounds in short-term memory. Option A (overextension) refers to the use of a word in a broader context than is appropriate (e.g. calling all four-legged animals "doggy"). Option C (phonological repetition) is a similar concept to phonological memory but specifically refers to the ability to repeat a sequence of speech sounds. Option D (speech therapy) is a treatment method used to improve communication skills (including phonological memory) in individuals with speech and language disorders.

Quiz 5: Growing and Learning in the Preschool Years

When a word is used too broadly (i.e., beyond its traditional categorical boundaries) , what is taking place?