Question 1

Phil believes that all women are emotional, physically weak, and interested in cooking. What do Phil's beliefs about women illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Phil's beliefs about women illustrate a gender stereotype, which is a widely held belief about the characteristics and behaviors of a particular gender.

Question 2

On her way to visiting Malaysia for the first time, Joan wonders what the people there will expect she should do when interacting with them. What is Joan concerned about?

Accepted Answer

Joan is concerned about social roles, which refers to the expectations and norms regarding behaviour that are specific to a particular social group or culture. As she is visiting Malaysia for the first time, she may not be familiar with the social roles that are expected of her, which can create uncertainty and anxiety.

Question 3

When do altruistic acts in children tend to occur?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that altruistic acts in children are more likely to occur when the cost of the act is low, such as when there is minimal effort involved or when the potential risk or sacrifice is minimal.

Question 4

Which child is exhibiting relational aggression?

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves harmful behavior that damages one's relationships with others, such as spreading rumors, exclusion, or verbal insults. Out of the given options, only choice B shows relational aggression, as Anna is using verbal insults to hurt her friend. The other options involve physical aggression or property damage.

Question 5

Little Briana believes that her daddy goes off to work every day and that her mommy stays home to look after her and her baby brother. At what age do stereotypical gender roles become extensive in children such as Briana?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that stereotypical gender roles become extensive in children around the age of 4 years old. At this age, children develop a strong understanding of gender and begin to categorize people and objects based on their gender. They start to learn gender-related behaviors and preferences, which are influenced by societal and cultural norms.

Question 6

Which thought has been shown to increase the odds of a child engaging in an altruistic act?

Accepted Answer

Thoughts focusing on having what someone else needs (D) have been shown to increase the likelihood of engaging in altruistic acts, as they directly relate to recognizing and addressing the needs of others.

Question 7

Which of the following methods would encourage Dottie's child to engage in altruistic behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Modelling altruistic behaviour is the most effective way to encourage children to engage in such behaviour. Children learn by observing the actions of the adults around them, particularly their parents, so if Dottie models altruistic behaviour her child is more likely to imitate her. Option A may cause burnout and result in less time for spontaneous acts of kindness, while option B misses an opportunity to acknowledge and reinforce the desired behaviour. Option D assumes that all children have a natural inclination towards altruism, which is not always the case.

Question 8

How is spatial ability between the genders recognized in current research?

Accepted Answer

Current research generally finds that, on average, boys tend to score higher on tests of spatial ability than girls. This does not mean that all boys outperform all girls, but rather that the average performance across genders shows this trend.

Question 9

When Donatus spontaneously decides to help his mother carry bags into the house (after having seen his brother do this task several times before), his mother says, "Thank you Donatus. You are such a helpful person!" What has Donatus's mother used to make it more likely that Donatus will act altruistically again?

Accepted Answer

Donatus's mother used praise to reinforce his altruistic behavior and increase the likelihood of him doing it again in the future.

Question 10

Brendan fell and scraped his knee. His friend Ryan went and got him a band-aid to put over his bloody injury. This is an example of which of the following sentiments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Brendan fell and scraped his knee. His...

Question 11

Dana is a typical 10-year-old North American female. In which of the following ways is she most likely to differ from a same-age male counterpart?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that females tend to be more emotionally expressive than males, especially during childhood and adolescence. The other options are not supported by research and are not accurate generalizations about gender differences.

Question 12

Which of the following is a finding of researchers studying sex differences?

Accepted Answer

Extensive research has found that males exhibit higher levels of physical and verbal aggression compared to females. This is a consistent finding across cultures and contexts.

Question 13

Why do male and female social roles differ?

Accepted Answer

Male and female social roles differ because they are culturally defined. Each society has created expectations and norms for behavior based on gender, and these expectations are shaped by factors such as history, religion, and the economy. While some societies have more flexible gender roles than others, in general, men are expected to behave in certain ways (such as being assertive and competitive) and women in others (such as being nurturing and cooperative). These expectations are learned from an early age through socialization and are reinforced through various social institutions, such as the family, education, and the media.

Question 14

Why are students expected to act differently from professors?

Accepted Answer

Students and professors represent different social roles within the academic environment, with professors typically having more authority and experience in their field. Therefore, they are expected to behave differently from students, who are still learning and developing their skills and knowledge. This expectation is based on the traditional hierarchy that exists within academic institutions. The other options - A, C, and D - are not relevant to the question of why students and professors are expected to act differently.

Question 15

How do gender stereotypes influence behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Gender stereotypes can create a set of initial expectations about how males and females should behave, think, and feel in certain situations. These expectations can influence how people behave, either by conforming to the stereotype or by consciously or unconsciously trying to deviate from it. This can have an impact on individuals' self-concept, opportunities, and relationships.

Question 16

To encourage altruistic behaviour in their children, what should parents incorporate into their discipline?

Accepted Answer

Reasoning helps children understand the importance and benefits of being altruistic, and encourages them to act accordingly. Punishment may have a negative impact on a child's inclination towards altruism. Parallel play and ethology are not directly related to encouraging altruistic behaviour in children.

Question 17

With which person is Rosalind most likely to act altruistically?

Accepted Answer

Altruism often stems from close relationships or feelings of empathy towards others. Rosalind is most likely to feel a sense of responsibility and willingness to help her little sister, Hayley.

Question 18

Which of the following phrases would best complete the analogy, "Perspective-taking is to empathy as"?

Accepted Answer

Perspective-taking is considered a cognitive act, as it requires mental effort to understand another's point of view, just as empathy is considered an emotional act, as it involves feeling the same or similar emotions as someone else. Therefore, the best completion of the analogy would be to compare these two types of acts.

Question 19

Which person is most likely using a gender stereotype to describe Erin?

Accepted Answer

Roddy is using a gender stereotype to describe Erin by suggesting that all females are sensitive and compassionate. This is an unfair and inaccurate representation of Erin and all women.

Question 20

Which child is most likely to act altruistically toward Gunter, who is having a very difficult time learning how to skate?

Accepted Answer

Empathy and positive emotions, such as happiness, are strong predictors of altruistic behavior. Tetsuro, who is feeling happy, is therefore more likely to act altruistically towards Gunter.

Quiz 6: Interacting and the Work of Play