Question 1

As of 2014,_____ individuals worldwide have been infected with HIV infection.

Accepted Answer

An estimated 36.9 million people were living with HIV worldwide as of 2014.Infection rates are calculated per 100,000 population.In the United States,more than 1 million people have been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS.Of the total number of people infected,women comprise 17.4 million.

Question 2

Opportunistic infections are a hallmark of HIV and AIDS.Which infections are considered opportunistic? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic infection seen in AIDS.Candida albicans is an oropharyngeal manifestation seen in most patients with HIV.Pneumocystis carinii is a respiratory manifestation and a major source of morbidity and mortality in the AIDS patient.Clostridium difficile is a gastrointestinal manifestation of HIV.The GI tract is the major target organ in HIV infection,and malnutrition is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients worldwide.Acinetobacter is not typically associated with HIV and AIDS.

Question 3

Which modes of transmission occur with HIV infection? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Unprotected sex with infected partners is a proven method of HIV transmission.Needle and syringe sharing between intravenous drug users is a proven HIV transmission method.Transmission from an infected mother to her infant may occur in the intrauterine period or at the time of delivery.The risk of contracting HIV through the skin has only been found with a direct puncture.HIV is not known to be transmitted via aerosol routes.

Question 4

Which statement about HIV testing is correct?

Accepted Answer

After a significant exposure to HIV-infected blood or body fluids,health care workers should be treated according to post-exposure protocols.These include testing and possible prophylactic medications.Patients that need to be tested for HIV should always be given the opportunity to provide verbal or written consent according to state consent guidelines.Negative HIV tests are not always indicative of negative status.False-negative tests can occur during the period before seroconversion.Initial HIV tests are highly sensitive but should always be confirmed with a Western blot test.

Question 5

HIV infection of T-helper cells is facilitated by attachment of the viral envelope protein gp120 to

Accepted Answer

The HIV envelope protein gp120 specifically binds to the CD4 receptor.The receptor cells of the CD4 cells are attracted to virus changes.Reverse transcriptase is not found to be attracted to the gp120 protein at this time.The macrophage lipid bilayer is not associated with the CD4 receptor.

Question 6

A patient is infected with the retrovirus HIV.The patient may have contracted HIV as it was transmitted via (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

HIV is transmitted in three ways: sexual transmission via semen or vaginal and cervical secretions through homosexual or heterosexual intercourse; parenteral transmission via blood,blood products,or blood-contaminated needles or syringes; and perinatal transmission in utero,during delivery,or in breast milk.HIV is known to be present in but has not been shown to be transmitted via urine,saliva,tears,cerebrospinal fluid,amniotic fluid,and feces.HIV is not known to be transmitted via aerosol routes.

Question 7

A nurse who works in an assisted living facility is preparing to teach the residents about safe sex practices.What resident criteria should the nurse take into consideration when creating a teaching plan? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

It is important that education regarding safe sex practices be tailored to appropriate age groups,ethnicity,culture,and sexual preference.Mobility status is not a consideration when teaching about safe sex practices.

Question 8

HIV replicates very quickly from the onset of infection.What is the major site of HIV replication?

Accepted Answer

HIV is primarily a mucosal disease that replicates very quickly from the onset of infection.The GI tract is the major site of HIV replication because the infection replicates quickly in the GI tract and overwhelms the body's defenses.The vaginal mucosa,anal mucosa,and respiratory tract may be involved in HIV replication,but these are not the initial sites of infection.

Question 9

The clinical latency period after HIV infection is a time when no

Accepted Answer

This latency period is the time when no significant symptoms occur,although mild symptoms of lymphadenopathy,lack of energy,weight loss,frequent fevers,and sweats may occur.Viral reproduction occurs immediately after the latency period,and can last up to 18 months.A decline in the CD4 T-cell count is taking place during the time of rapid virus production.Seroconversion usually occurs between 3 weeks and 6 months after exposure.

Question 10

The immune system disorder associated with HIV is

Accepted Answer

HIV has been identified as a type of retrovirus associated with a disorder of the T-helper lymphocytes.T cells have an interaction with B cells,but this relationship is not associated with HIV.Immature blast cells are not the deficiency that contributes to HIV.Cancerous growths of lymphatic tissue have not been found to be the source of HIV.

Question 11

HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it

Accepted Answer

The hallmark of HIV infection is defective cell-mediated immunity,with a decrease in CD4 or T-helper lymphocytes.HIV infection does not directly inhibit the production of antibodies by B cells.There is not an excessive production of cytotoxic T cells with HIV infection.HIV infection does not block the ability of macrophages to produce antigens.

Question 12

An effective HIV vaccine is difficult to produce,primarily because

Accepted Answer

The variability between strains of HIV and the frequency of mutations makes it difficult to produce a vaccine.HIV infection does not overwhelm the immune system,because it is an immune deficiency.Research is still being conducted to develop a vaccine.Researchers are testing cloned T cells for response to new therapies.Reverse transcriptase is not proven to adhere to the vaccine.

Question 13

An HIV-positive patient is hospitalized for evaluation of symptoms of progressive weakness,dyspnea,weight loss,and low-grade fever.A biopsy of lung tissue reveals Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.This diagnosis means that the patient

Accepted Answer

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)is a common initial opportunistic infection in HIV and is an AIDS-defining diagnosis.A diagnosis of PCP is not associated with a life-expectancy of 2 years or less.PCP is treated with antibiotic therapy.PCP is a pulmonary manifestation of AIDS,which is not associated with intravenous drug abuse.

Question 14

A patient receiving zidovudine and a protease inhibitor to manage HIV infection is found to have an undetectable viral load.This means that the

Accepted Answer

Protease inhibitors attack at a phase of the viral cycle and are used in conjunction with zidovudine.The goal of treatment is to suppress the viral load.Dosage of both agents would not be reduced,because the undetectable viral load means that the therapy is effective.Zidovudine would not be discontinued,because it is deemed effective in creating an undetectable viral load in this case.The HIV virus has not been eliminated in the event of an undetectable viral load.Rather,HIV plasma is suppressed and disease progression delayed.

Question 15

Which drugs are used for the management of HIV? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are used to prevent replication by preventing HIV DNA synthesis.Protease inhibitors attack a phase in the viral life cycle by inhibiting the enzyme protease.Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are potent antiretrovirals.DNA polymerase inhibitors are not used in the management of HIV.CD4 analogs are nonexistent as a pharmacologic agent.

Question 16

The HIV nurse educator teaches a newly diagnosed patient about HIV.The nurse educator tells the patient that in the United States,those at greatest risk of HIV infection include (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

In the United States,those at greatest risk of HIV infection include: men who have sex with other men (MSM),also called homosexual men; intravenous drug users who share needles or syringes; sexual partners of those in high risk groups,particularly heterosexual women; and infants born to infected mothers.Infants born to infected mothers,not infected fathers,are at greatest risk of HIV infection.Restaurant workers are not at greater risk of HIV infection solely because of their working in the restaurant industry.Using public restrooms,swimming in public swimming pools,touching or hugging someone who is HIV-positive,and eating with community utensils or in restaurants are safe practices.Approximately 10% to 11% of all HIV cases involve people over age 50,but this does not comprise the highest-risk group.

Question 17

Which statement best describes the etiologic development and transmission of AIDS?

Accepted Answer

AIDS is caused by an infection of HIV,which is proven to be transmitted through blood and body fluids.The mechanism of HIV transmission is known to be through blood and body fluid exposure,newborn infection from the mother,and unprotected sex with an infected partner.AIDS is not an autoimmune disease of the homosexual.HIV can be transmitted through unprotected intercourse.HIV is a virus that is transmitted through various routes,not sexual contact only.

Question 18

Which HIV-positive patient should be given a diagnosis of AIDS?

Accepted Answer

AIDS is a syndrome that is expressed in many ways.If a person has a CD4 count less than 200/mL along with an opportunistic infection such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis,then the person is diagnosed with AIDS.A patient is not diagnosed with AIDS until the CD4 count is less than 200/mL.Neuropathy would possibly be a sign or symptom associated with an opportunistic infection,but is not used to diagnose AIDS.Genital herpes is not used to diagnose AIDS.

Question 19

In which type of cells is the CD4 found? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The CD4 receptor is found on many types of cells,including T cells,microglial cells,monocyte-macrophages,follicular dendritic cells,immortalized B cells,retinal cells,Langerhans cells in the skin,bone marrow stem cells,cervical cells,bone marrow-derived circulating dendritic cells,and enterochromaffin cells in the colon,duodenum,and rectum.

Question 20

Which type of HIV virus causes most infections in the United States and Europe?

Accepted Answer

HIV-1 is the organism of most cases in Central Africa,the United States,Europe,and Australia.HIV-2 is found in West Africa or in countries with socioeconomic ties to West Africa.HIV type A is a subtype currently in research.HIV type B is a strain in research phases.

Quiz 12: HIV Disease and Aids