Question 1

Luisa generally feels good about who she is.However,she just received a low grade on her chemistry midterm,so she is currently feeling badly about herself.Luisa has________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

C) Luisa's overall positive feeling about herself indicates high trait self-esteem, which is a long-term, enduring sense of self-worth. The temporary bad feeling due to a low grade on a midterm indicates low state self-esteem, which can fluctuate based on specific events or situations.

Question 2

People strive for stable and accurate beliefs about the self.This motivation is emphasized by ________ theory.

Accepted Answer

Self-verification theory suggests that people have a fundamental drive to maintain and confirm their self-concept, including their self-beliefs, even if they are negative. Thus, individuals strive for stable and consistent beliefs about themselves, and the desire for self-verification motivates this process. Option B) self-determination theory focuses on the role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in human motivation. Option C) self-validation is not a recognized theory in social psychology. Option D) self-presentation theory emphasizes the role of impression management and social influence in shaping one's self-concept and behavior. While related to self-beliefs, it is not specifically focused on the motivation for accuracy and stability.

Question 3

Different theories make different predictions about the source of a person's self-esteem.For example,sociometer theory argues that self-esteem depends on ________,whereas the contingencies of self-worth account argues that self-esteem depends on ________.

Accepted Answer

Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem is a gauge of social acceptance or rejection, while the contingencies of self-worth account posits that self-esteem is based on successes or failures in domains of life that an individual deems important.

Question 4

Gene is given a questionnaire that has statements like these printed on it: "I take a positive view of myself" and "I feel that I have a number of good qualities." He is asked to indicate how much he agrees with such statements.This questionnaire is meant to measure Gene's

Accepted Answer

The questionnaire is asking about Gene's view of himself and his qualities, indicating a measurement of self-esteem, which is the level of positive or negative feelings a person has about themselves. Choice A (self-consciousness) refers to being aware of one's own thoughts and feelings, and choice B (identity cues) is not a well-defined term in psychology. Choice D (self-discrepancies) refers to the difference between a person's actual and ideal selves, which is not the focus of this questionnaire.

Question 5

Who is likely to be the most defensive in response to negative feedback on a class paper?

Accepted Answer

Marta, with unstable high self-esteem, is likely to be the most defensive in response to negative feedback because individuals with unstable self-esteem tend to have more fluctuating views of themselves and may rely more on external validation, making them more sensitive and defensive to criticism.

Question 6

Research supporting self-verification theory has shown that people

Accepted Answer

Self-verification theory proposes that people have a basic motivation to confirm and maintain their existing self-concept. Research has demonstrated that individuals attend more to information that confirms their self-views, and also actively seek out situations that provide this type of self-verification.

Question 7

Researchers have found that people are less likely to display defensive biases (such as taking credit for a success and denying credit for a failure)if they previously engaged in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Self-affirmation refers to the process of focusing on one's most important values and beliefs. Prior studies have found that people who engage in self-affirmation are less likely to display defensive biases as it promotes a sense of security and self-worth, reducing the need to protect oneself from failure.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about culture and self-esteem is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Americans are more likely to make self-complimentary statements in conversations compared to Japanese individuals, reflecting cultural differences in self-expression and self-esteem. Western cultures, like the U.S., often emphasize individual achievement and self-promotion, while many Asian cultures value humility and group harmony.

Question 9

That we often see ourselves as better,stronger,or faster than we really are best reflects

Accepted Answer

The answer of That we often see ourselves as better,stronger,or...

Question 10

According to self-verification theory,people with negative self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more.In contrast,people with positive self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more.

Accepted Answer

According to self-verification theory, individuals with negative self-views prefer to receive feedback that confirms their negative self-views. Therefore, they are more likely to remember negative feedback. On the other hand, individuals with positive self-views prefer to receive feedback that verifies their positive self-views. Therefore, they are more likely to remember positive feedback. So, option A is correct.

Question 11

When is the better-than-average effect most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The better-than-average effect is most likely to occur when people assess their abilities on ambiguous traits that can be construed in different ways. This is because people tend to use their own personal standards to evaluate themselves, and these standards may differ from objective measures of performance. When traits are ambiguous, such as "good communicator" or "popular," people can interpret them in a way that makes them feel better about themselves. This effect has been shown to be stronger in Western cultures, where individualism is valued and self-esteem is important.

Question 12

According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem (Crocker and Wolfe,2001),a person's self-evaluations

Accepted Answer

The contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem suggest that a person's self-evaluations are dependent on their success and failure in important life domains, such as academics, athletics, or relationships. This means that their self-esteem can fluctuate depending on how they perceive their performance in these areas. The other choices (A, C, and D) are not supported by this theory.

Question 13

According to the sociometer hypothesis,

Accepted Answer

The sociometer hypothesis suggests that self-esteem is an internal measure of social inclusion/exclusion based on perceiving acceptance or rejection from others. This implies that self-esteem is subjective and related to perceptions of social acceptance rather than objective measurements of one's abilities or traits.

Question 14

Researchers have studied whether college students' beliefs about their academic talents relate to self-esteem and well-being in college.Results show that students who ________ at the start of college experienced ________ in self-esteem and well-being over the following four years.

Accepted Answer

The question asks about the relationship between students' beliefs about their academic talents and their self-esteem and well-being over time. Option A) suggests that students who had self-enhancing beliefs at the start of college experienced declines in self-esteem and well-being over the next four years. This answer is supported by research on the potential negative consequences of overly positive self-beliefs, including the risk of setting unrealistic expectations and feeling disappointed or discouraged when those expectations are not met.

Question 15

Although doing his job well is an important aspect of Jim's self-concept,he is just not good at his job.Correspondingly,he is starting to feel bad about himself.According to ________ ,Jim will feel better about himself if he gets a new job that he is good at.

Accepted Answer

According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem, self-esteem is influenced by successes and failures in areas that are personally important. If Jim finds a job he is good at, it will positively impact his self-esteem.

Question 16

When Josue thinks about how good he is at baseball,he recalls that time he hit three home runs in a row.When Josue thinks about how good his best friend Tom is at baseball,he remembers that Tom averaged just one home run per game throughout the season.Josue's thinking contributes to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Josue is engaging in self-enhancement by recalling his own impressive feat and comparing it to his friend's less impressive performance. He is focusing on his own strengths and highlighting his superiority in baseball.

Question 17

Recall that Steve Heine and colleagues compared how Canadian and Japanese students responded to positive or negative feedback after taking a creativity test.After the feedback,participants took a second creativity test.The results showed that

Accepted Answer

This is the only option that accurately describes a finding from the study. The study did not find a significant difference in overall creativity between the Canadian and Japanese participants, nor did it find that the Japanese scored worse on the second test. Option D is also incorrect, as the study did not report on how long participants worked on the second creativity test. Option A is not true as the study did not report on overall creativity differences between the two groups.

Question 18

Research shows that state self-esteem can be influenced by

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that momentary mood states can have an impact on state self-esteem. Various studies have shown that positive moods can lead to higher levels of self-esteem, while negative moods can lead to lower levels of self-esteem. However, the other options (A, B, and C) do not have significant evidence to support the idea that they can influence state self-esteem.

Question 19

The better-than-average effect refers to the finding that people

Accepted Answer

The better-than-average effect suggests that people tend to think that they are above average. This means that they believe they are better than most people at various tasks and attributes, such as intelligence or driving ability. This effect has been demonstrated in various studies and is believed to be a result of people's inherent need to maintain positive views of themselves.

Note: While option C may sound plausible, there is no evidence to support the claim that people who are better than average are happier. The correct answer should be based on empirical research findings. Option D is also incorrect because studies have found that people who are better than average tend to overestimate their abilities and display less modesty, which contributes to the better-than-average effect.

Question 20

Sara's best friend just told her that she does not want to hang out any more.Sara's self-esteem plummets.She then calls three other good friends to see if they want to get dinner together.They say yes and Sara feels better about herself.Sara's feelings and behaviors reflect which psychological theory?

Accepted Answer

Sara's experience reflects the sociometer hypothesis, which suggests that self-esteem is an internal gauge of the degree to which one is included versus excluded by others. When Sara's best friend no longer wants to hang out, her self-esteem drops, indicating perceived exclusion. However, when other friends agree to dinner, her self-esteem rises, reflecting perceived inclusion and social acceptance.

Quiz 3: The Social Self

Luisa generally feels good about who she is.However,she just received a low grade on her chemistry midterm,so she is currently feeling badly about herself.Luisa has and .