Question 1

When people maintain their relative positions in a group over time,the group displays high:

Accepted Answer

Rank order stability refers to the degree to which individuals maintain their relative positions in a group over time. Therefore, if people maintain their relative positions in a group over time, the group displays high rank order stability.

Question 2

According to Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005),which of the following factors of temperament is probably the most stable?

Accepted Answer

Activity level is considered to be one of the most stable aspects of temperament across the lifespan, according to research by Mary Rothbart and others.

Question 3

As a child,Maria was an excellent student and completed her homework on time.As an adult,she is a highly organized businesswoman and is able to meet project deadlines.This scenario most likely exemplifies:

Accepted Answer

Personality coherence refers to the consistency of an individual's personality over time and across situations. In this scenario, Maria's behavior as a child and as an adult demonstrates consistency in her personality traits related to being responsible and organized.

Question 4

If the average degree of political orientation changes in a population-for example,if people tend to get increasingly conservative as they get older-then that population is displaying:

Accepted Answer

Mean level change refers to a shift in the average or overall level of a characteristic within a population, such as a general trend towards more conservative views as people age. This does not necessarily imply changes in individuals' relative positions or rankings within the population, just a shift in the average degree of the characteristic being measured.

Question 5

When measuring heights of individuals between ages 14 and 20,one is most likely to observe high:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When measuring heights of individuals between ages...

Question 6

Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005),studied infants at different ages and found that:

Accepted Answer

Mary Rothbart and Hwang found that the stability of temperament tends to increase as infants mature, suggesting that there are stable individual differences in temperament that emerge over time.

Question 7

The _____ of personality analysis helps predict who will be at risk for a psychological disturbance later in life based on earlier measures of personality.

Accepted Answer

The individual differences level of personality analysis specifically deals with identifying differences in personality traits among individuals. Within this level, researchers can use earlier measures of personality to predict the risk of developing psychological disturbances later in life. Population level and cultural differences level are broader categories that do not focus specifically on personality analysis. Group differences level is also not relevant in this context.

Question 8

When the average level of a trait in a group remains constant over time,the group displays high:

Accepted Answer

Mean level stability refers to the average level of a trait remaining constant over time, which is described in the question. The other options are not applicable as they relate to changes in the rank order of individuals within the group.

Question 9

_____ can be defined as the continuities,consistencies,and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time.

Accepted Answer

Personality development refers to the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time, as well as the ways in which people change over time.

Question 10

Children who cry when their mothers leave them are highly likely to have many short-lived relationships as adults.This illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Personality coherence refers to the idea that individuals will maintain their rank order in relation to others on a particular trait or behavior over time, even if their mean level of that trait changes. The fact that children who cry when their mothers leave them are likely to have many short-lived relationships as adults suggests that there is a coherence in terms of their attachment style or emotional regulation.

Question 11

A case study of Mahatma Gandhi best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Mahatma Gandhi is known for his stable personality traits, such as his commitment to non-violent resistance and his moral and ethical values, which remained consistent throughout his life. Despite facing numerous challenges and obstacles, he maintained his integrity and principles, demonstrating the stability of his personality. Therefore, this case study best illustrates how personality can remain stable over time.

Question 12

A form of personality development that is characterized by an individual maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait is called:

Accepted Answer

Personality coherence refers to the phenomenon where the rank order of individuals on a particular trait remains consistent over time, but the way that trait is expressed or manifested changes. This concept suggests that while the relative standing among individuals in terms of a personality trait remains stable, the behaviors or expressions of that trait can evolve with age or changing circumstances.

Question 13

The correlations between different measures of a single trait obtained at the same time are called:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The correlations between different measures of a...

Question 14

Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005)studied infants at different ages and found that temperament is:

Accepted Answer

Rothbart and Hwang (2005) found that temperament in infants tends to be more stable over short intervals of time, indicating that while there may be some consistency in temperament traits, these can vary more significantly over longer periods.

Question 15

Freud's theory of psychosexual development is an example of personality change at the _____ level of analysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Freud's theory of psychosexual development is an...

Question 16

The correlations between same measures obtained at two different points in time are called:

Accepted Answer

Stability coefficients specifically refer to the correlation between measures obtained at two different points in time, whereas validity coefficients can refer to the correlation between any two measures that should theoretically be related, and zero-order and rank-order correlation coefficients are not specific to measures obtained at different points in time. Therefore, B is the best choice as it specifically matches the definition given in the question.

Question 17

_____ is usually defined as the individual differences that emerge very early in life,are likely to have a heritable basis,and are often involved with emotionality or arousability.

Accepted Answer

Temperament is the best choice as it refers to the individual differences that emerge very early in life (often during infancy), are likely to have a heritable basis, and are often related to emotionality or arousability. Traits, personality development, and disposition may also be related to individual differences, but they are not specifically linked to early development and heritability.

Question 18

Which of the following forms of personality development is NOT located at the group differences level of personality analysis?

Accepted Answer

Arousal differences that correlate with extraversion are located at the biological level of personality analysis, not at the group differences level.

Question 19

Personality differences usually can be first observed in:

Accepted Answer

Personality differences can be observed in early infancy, such as differences in temperament and behavior. Research has shown that infants can exhibit differences in activity level, reactivity, and emotional expressiveness, which are early indicators of personality traits that may persist throughout development. Therefore, early infancy is the best choice for observing personality differences.

Question 20

Sensation seeking tends to decrease with age;this exemplifies:

Accepted Answer

Mean level change refers to a change in the average level of a characteristic over time, and sensation seeking decreasing with age would be an example of this. Rank order stability, on the other hand, refers to individuals' relative positions remaining consistent over time, and this does not apply to the overall trend of sensation seeking decreasing with age. Therefore, mean level stability and rank order instability are also not applicable in this case.

Quiz 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change