Question 1

In the context of mistaken interpretations in cross-cultural comparison studies,_____ occur when researchers infer that something cultural produced the differences they observed in their study,despite the fact that they may not be empirically justified in doing so because they did not actually measure those cultural factors.

Accepted Answer

Cultural attribution fallacies occur when researchers incorrectly attribute cultural differences to factors that were not measured in their study, leading to mistaken interpretations. This can be problematic because it may reinforce stereotypes and prejudices about different cultural groups, and overlook other possible explanations for the differences observed.

Question 2

The idea of _____ is based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales,rather than relying on direct inferences about a private,personal value system (Peng,Nisbett,& Wong,1997).

Accepted Answer

The reference group effect is the idea that people make social comparisons with others rather than relying on their own personal values when making ratings on scales. This concept aligns with the statement in the question that people make "implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales."

Question 3

Which of the following compares the differences observed between the groups to the differences one would normally expect on the basis of chance alone and then compute the probability that the results would have been obtained solely by chance?

Accepted Answer

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) compares the observed differences between groups to the expected differences based on chance alone and calculates the probability that the results were obtained solely due to chance. This allows researchers to determine whether the differences between the groups are statistically significant or not. The other options (regression analysis, WAIS, and group mean comparisons) do not involve comparing observed differences to expected differences based on chance.

Question 4

_____ refers to the tendency to use the ends of a scale regardless of item content.

Accepted Answer

Extreme response bias is the tendency for respondents to use the extreme ends of a scale, such as always or never, without considering the specific item content. This can result in response distortion and inaccurate data. Acquiescence bias refers to the tendency for respondents to agree with statements regardless of their content, while the cultural attribution fallacy is the assumption that behavior and beliefs are solely determined by culture without recognizing other factors. The reference group effect is the influence of a social group on an individual's behavior or beliefs.

Question 5

In the past,response biases were viewed as methodological artifacts that needed to be controlled in order to get to "true" responses,but today,there is a growing view of them as an important part of cultural influence on data.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true as modern research acknowledges the potential impact of response biases on data due to cultural factors and recognizes them as an important aspect of studying cultural psychology.

Question 6

According to Poortinga (1989),which of the following is a strategy to deal with nonequivalent data?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Poortinga (1989),which of the following...

Question 7

The tendency to agree rather than disagree with items on questionnaires is termed as _____.

Accepted Answer

Acquiescence bias is the tendency to agree with items on a questionnaire regardless of whether they truly reflect one's beliefs or experiences. This bias can be due to a desire to please the researcher, a lack of confidence in one's own judgment, or a preference for avoiding conflict. The other options are not related to this bias.

Question 8

_____ is the degree to which a measure used in a cross-cultural study produces the same factor analysis results in the different countries being compared.

Accepted Answer

Structural equivalence refers to the degree to which a measure produces the same factor analysis results across different cultures or countries, indicating that the construct being measured is understood similarly across these groups.

Question 9

Culture can bias the ways researchers interpret their findings.

Accepted Answer

Culture can influence the researchers' personal biases and assumptions, which can impact how they interpret their findings. This is why it is essential to consider cultural perspectives and diversity in research studies.

Question 10

According to Matsumoto and his colleagues,the general class of statistical procedures that helps to determine the degree to which differences in mean values reflect meaningful differences among individuals is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Matsumoto and his colleagues refer to "effect size statistics" as the general class of statistical procedures that help determine whether differences in mean values are meaningful differences among individuals. While analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance also involve comparing mean values, they are specific types of statistical procedures that are not synonymous with the broader concept of effect size statistics. Between-group statistics could potentially refer to a range of statistical procedures for comparing groups, but it is not as specific as the concept of effect size statistics that Matsumoto and his colleagues are discussing.

Quiz 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods

The idea of _____ is based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales,rather than relying on direct inferences about a private,personal value system (Peng,Nisbett,& Wong,1997) .