Question 1

According to Yamaguchi (2001),in _____,the self acts as an agent,and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit,leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy.

Accepted Answer

Yamaguchi (2001) argues that in direct control, the self acts as an agent, and individuals feel more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit. This means that people feel more empowered and confident in their abilities when they have direct control over a situation. Therefore, the best choice would be A) Direct control.

Question 2

In terms of research findings,evidence for indigenous conceptions of personality is not necessarily antithetical to the existence of universal personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there are similarities in personality traits across different cultures, but there are also cultural variations in how personality is conceptualized and expressed. Therefore, evidence for indigenous conceptions of personality does not necessarily contradict the existence of universal personality traits.

Question 3

According to Doi,all Japanese relationships can be characterized by _____,loosely translated as passive,childlike dependence of one person on another,which serves as a fundamental building block of Japanese culture and personality.

Accepted Answer

The term "amae" best fits the description of passive, childlike dependence in Japanese relationships. This concept is seen as a fundamental aspect of Japanese culture and personality, and is often fostered in parent-child relationships. Amae is not to be confused with other concepts such as "cheong" (Korean concept of social relationships), "ren qing" (Chinese concept of human relationships), or "pakikisama" (Tagalog concept of social harmony).

Question 4

According to Yamaguchi (2001),which of the following statements is true of proxy control?

Accepted Answer

Proxy control is a type of control that can be used when personal control, either direct or indirect, is not available or inappropriate. It involves using a substitute or proxy to control the object or situation of interest. For example, a parent may use parental controls on a child's electronic device to limit their access to inappropriate content.

Question 5

According to Yamaguchi (2001),in _____,one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group,and the group serves as the agent of control.

Accepted Answer

The term "collective control" refers to the idea of controlling the environment as a member of a group, with the group serving as the agent of control. This concept is discussed by Yamaguchi (2001). Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 6

Conceptualizations of cultures that focus on individualism versus collectivism suggest that people of collectivistic cultures are _____.

Accepted Answer

Collectivistic cultures prioritize the group or community over the individual, and therefore individuals in these cultures are not autonomous. Instead, they are expected to conform to the expectations and norms of the group. Autonomy refers to the ability to make independent decisions and act on one's own behalf, which is more closely associated with individualistic cultures. Choice A and B describe characteristics of individualistic cultures, and choice C does not directly relate to the topic of cultural individualism versus collectivism.

Question 7

Which of the following theories states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy,competence,and relatedness,but that the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture?

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, but the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture. This theory emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation, as well as the role of social and cultural factors in shaping behavior and motivation.

Question 8

Markus & Kitayama (1998)and Shweder & Bourne (1984)argue that the research supporting universality of personality and its possible biological substrates may be contaminated by the methods used.

Accepted Answer

Markus & Kitayama (1998)and Shweder & Bourne (1984) argue that cultural bias may influence the methods used to study personality and its biological substrates, leading to a contaminated body of research claiming universality.

Question 9

In the context of control across cultures,people in _____ pretend as if they are not acting as an agent even though in reality they are doing so.

Accepted Answer

Indirect control involves influencing behavior subtly without overt exertion of power, often making it seem as though one is not actively controlling the situation when, in fact, they are.

Question 10

Which of the following is more likely to be "mutually constituted" in development,arising out of an interaction between an individual and the environment?

Accepted Answer

Identity is a complex and dynamic construct that emerges through individuals' interactions with their environment, including cultural, social, and historical contexts. It involves an ongoing process of negotiating and constructing meaning about oneself in relation to others, which is why it is more likely to be mutually constituted in development. Traits, gender, and race, on the other hand, are more stable and predetermined characteristics that are largely influenced by genetics and environmental factors but not as much by the individual's active participation in their development.

Quiz 6: Culture and Personality

According to Yamaguchi (2001) ,in _____,the self acts as an agent,and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit,leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy.