While English and French monarchs increased their powers in the 12^thand 13^th centuries,German emperors generally grew weaker because of their

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German emperors had repeated conflicts with the papacy, which led to their weakening. This was evident in the Investiture Controversy, in which German emperors fought with popes over the appointment of church officials. These conflicts weakened the power of German emperors, while English and French monarchs were able to increase their power during the same period.

While English and French Monarchs Increased Their Powers in the 12th

While English and French Monarchs Increased Their Powers in the 12^th