Question 1

Consumption of ______ inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone causing increased urinary output.

Accepted Answer

The consumption of alcoholic beverages inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone, causing increased urinary output. Coffee can also have a mild diuretic effect, but one or two cups of coffee are unlikely to have a significant impact on urinary output. High-sodium and high-sugar foods and beverages may increase thirst and fluid intake, but they do not directly inhibit the action of antidiuretic hormone.

Question 2

One teaspoon of salt contains about ________ of sodium.

Accepted Answer

One teaspoon of salt contains approximately 2400 milligrams of sodium. This is important information for those who need to monitor their sodium intake, such as individuals with high blood pressure or heart disease.

Question 3

Which of the following dairy products has the highest sodium content?

Accepted Answer

Cottage cheese typically has a higher sodium content compared to cheddar cheese and lowfat milk.

Question 4

Which of the following individuals is least likely to benefit from a diet containing less than 1500 mg sodium per day?

Accepted Answer

The healthy Asian female college student is least likely to benefit from a diet containing less than 1500 mg sodium per day since she is in good health and does not have any medical conditions that require dietary sodium restriction. The other individuals mentioned have conditions, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease or belonging to a high-risk ethnic group, that may require a lower sodium intake to manage their health.

Question 5

Aldosterone increases ________.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that targets the kidneys and increases the reabsorption of sodium ions. This ultimately leads to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 6

Most of the world's water consumption is for __________.

Accepted Answer

According to the World Wildlife Fund, agriculture and irrigation are responsible for 70% of the world's water consumption, while industrial use and personal consumption are responsible for 22% and 8%, respectively.

Question 7

A loss of 1-2% of body weight in fluids will cause a person to ________.

Accepted Answer

A loss of 1-2% of body weight in fluids will cause a person to experience thirst. This is a natural response of the body to signal the need for increased fluid intake to prevent further dehydration.

Question 8

Aldosterone is ________.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney, thereby increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 9

When blood osmolality increases, ___________ is released by the anterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to increase water retention.

Accepted Answer

When blood osmolality increases, the hypothalamus releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, which acts on the kidney to increase water retention. This helps to dilute the blood and bring osmolality back to a normal level. Renin and angiotensin II are involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, but not specifically in response to changes in blood osmolality. Insulin is involved in regulating glucose metabolism and does not directly affect water retention in response to changes in blood osmolality.

Question 10

ADH is ________.

Accepted Answer

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is a pituitary hormone that regulates the concentration of urine by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus decreasing water excretion in urine.

Question 11

Most sodium consumed is from ________.

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), processed foods and foods purchased at restaurants are the main sources of sodium in the American diet. These foods are often high in sodium due to additives used in food processing and preparation. Therefore, avoiding processed foods and choosing lower sodium options at restaurants can help to reduce sodium intake.

Question 12

Water intoxication is associated with ________.

Accepted Answer

All of these answers are correct. Water intoxication can lead to headache and blurred vision, muscle cramps and convulsions, and hyponatremia which is a condition of low sodium levels in the blood.

Question 13

Sodium ________.

Accepted Answer

Sodium is important for transmitting electrical impulses through nerve cells, as it is involved in the creation of action potentials. It is not the principal positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid, which is potassium. It is also not directly involved in promoting glycolysis or releasing energy from ATP, although it may play a role in some metabolic processes that use ATP.

Question 14

Table salt is _____ sodium.

Accepted Answer

Table salt is approximately 40% sodium by weight. The rest is chloride and small amounts of other minerals.

Question 15

Some North Americans are called "sodium sensitive." For these people, high sodium intake contributes to ________.

Accepted Answer

For sodium-sensitive individuals, high sodium intake can contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure).

Question 16

According to FDA labeling rules, the Daily Value for sodium is listed as ________.

Accepted Answer

The FDA's Daily Value for sodium is listed as 2.4 grams per day, which is equivalent to 2400 milligrams. This guideline is used to help consumers understand the nutrition information in the context of a total daily diet.

Question 17

Renin, released from the kidney as a result of a decrease in blood pressure, acts on ________ produced in the liver.This triggers a series of reactions that culminate in the production of _______ in the adrenal glands.

Accepted Answer

Renin acts on angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, initiating a cascade that ultimately leads to the production of aldosterone in the adrenal glands. This process is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which helps regulate blood pressure.

Question 18

Renin is ________.

Accepted Answer

Renin is an enzyme produced by special cells in the kidneys (juxtaglomerular cells) in response to low blood pressure, low blood volume, or low sodium levels. It initiates a cascade of reactions that lead to the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, another hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 19

As dehydration progresses and blood volume decreases, blood pressure will ______ and heart rate will _______.

Accepted Answer

As dehydration progresses and blood volume decreases, blood pressure tends to decrease due to less fluid in the circulatory system. To compensate for the lower blood pressure and ensure adequate blood flow to organs, the heart rate increases.

Question 20

Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Drinking too much water can lead to hyponatremia, which means the concentration of sodium in the blood is diluted. Hypernatremia refers to an excess of sodium in the blood, hyperkalemia is an excess of potassium in the blood, and ADH syndrome is a condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone, leading to water retention and potential electrolyte imbalances.

Quiz 14: Fluid Balance and Blood Health