In Japanese Business Organizations, Subordinates Are Often Hesitant to Pass

In Japanese business organizations, subordinates are often hesitant to pass along bad news to their superiors. This lack of internal communications can be attributed to:

A) the inherently shy nature of Japanese people.
B) the Japanese emphasis on hierarchical relationships.
C) the practice of omerta or solemn oath-taking.
D) the insistence on solving problems at the point of origin and not escalating them.
E) Quanxi, the Japanese practice of personal connections.