Question 1

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs, which symbol below represents the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments?

Accepted Answer

The symbol "R" represents the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments in marketing research experimental designs.

Question 2

The scientific concept of causality is complex."Causality" means something very different to the average person on the street than to a scientist. If the ordinary meaning of a statement is "X is the only cause of Y," its related scientific meaning is: ________.

Accepted Answer

C) X is only one of a number of possible causes of Y. In the scientific context, causality is often seen as more complex and multifactorial, meaning that a single outcome can have multiple potential causes.

Question 3

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time, and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which experimental design means that two groups...

Question 4

Experimentation is becoming increasingly important in marketing research, but there are limitations of time, cost, and administration of an experiment.

Accepted Answer

Experimentation can provide valuable insights in marketing research, but there are limitations due to the resources required such as time, cost, and administration.

Question 5

________ is the extent to which a cause, X, and an effect, Y, occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.

Accepted Answer

Concomitant variation refers to the extent to which the variables being studied (cause and effect) fluctuate or co-occur in a manner that is consistent with the hypothesis being tested. In other words, if X truly causes Y, then as X increases, Y should also increase or decrease in a predictable way. This is known as a positive or negative correlation and supports the hypothesis being tested.

Question 6

In many countries, the marketing, economic, structural, information, and technological environments are not developed to the extent that they are in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Many countries, especially developing nations, may not have the same level of development in these environments as the United States.

Question 7

The statement 'An effect cannot be produced by an event that occurs after the effect has taken place,' refers to ________.

Accepted Answer

This statement refers to the concept of temporal precedence, which states that the cause (event) must occur before the effect. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it relates to the time order of occurrence of variables.

Question 8

Debriefing occurs after the experiment and entails informing test subjects what the experiment was about and how the experimental manipulations were performed

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is the process of informing participants about the experiment after it is over. This includes explaining the purpose of the study and how any experimental manipulations were carried out.

Question 9

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs, which symbol below represents the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units?

Accepted Answer

The symbol "O" is used to denote the observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units. The other symbols represent different aspects of experimental design, such as treatment (X), control groups (T), and randomization (R).

Question 10

Experimental design is the set of experimental procedures specifying the test units and sampling procedures and all of the following except ________.

Accepted Answer

Experimental design includes specifying the test units, sampling procedures, independent and dependent variables, and controlling extraneous variables. The plan for data analysis is typically developed after data collection and is not considered part of the experimental design itself.

Question 11

Standard text markets can cost as much as $1 million; simulated test markets cost less than 10 percent as much.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true as it states that standard text markets cost as much as $1 million while simulated test markets cost less than 10 percent, i.e., less than $100,000. Therefore, simulated test markets cost less than 10 percent as much.

Question 12

________ means that the factor or variable being investigated should be the only possible causal explanation.

Accepted Answer

The absence of other possible causal factors means that the factor being investigated should be the only possible causal explanation.

Question 13

The conditions that must be satisfied before making causal inferences include all of the following except ________.

Accepted Answer

The other three conditions, time order of occurrence, concomitant variation, and elimination of other possible factors, are necessary for making causal inferences. However, the role of evidence is not a specific condition for making causal inferences. It is important to have evidence to support a causal claim, but it is not a condition that must be satisfied before making the inference.

Question 14

In the New York coupon experiment mentioned in your text, the experiment was conducted to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption. Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. One group was offered 15-cent coupons and the other 50-cent coupons for four products. During the interviews, the respondents answered questions about which brands they used and how likely they were to cash coupons of the given face value the next time they shopped. In the preceding experiment, the test units were ________.

Accepted Answer

The test units in the experiment were individual shoppers, as they were the ones being observed for their behavior (likelihood of coupon redemption) in response to different treatments (coupon values).

Question 15

The internal and external validity of field experiments conducted overseas is generally lower than in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Conducting field experiments overseas may introduce cultural, linguistic, and logistical differences that can impact the internal and external validity of the study. Additionally, regulatory and ethical considerations may vary across countries, potentially further reducing the validity of the study. Thus, generally, the internal and external validity of field experiments conducted overseas is lower than in the United States.

Question 16

In the New York coupon experiment mentioned in your text, the experiment was conducted to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption. Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. One group was offered 15-cent coupons and the other 50-cent coupons for four products. During the interviews, the respondents answered questions about which brands they used and how likely they were to cash coupons of the given face value the next time they shopped. In the preceding experiment, the independent variable that was manipulated was ________.

Accepted Answer

The independent variable that was manipulated in the experiment was the value of the coupon. The two treatment groups were offered coupons with different face values (15 cents and 50 cents) to test the effects on likelihood of coupon redemption. The other options listed (brand usage, likelihood of cashing the coupon, and individual shoppers) were variables that were measured or observed during the experiment, but were not manipulated by the researchers.

Question 17

When considering ________, accumulated evidence from several investigations increases our confidence that a causal relationship exists.

Accepted Answer

Accumulated evidence from several investigations increases our confidence in a causal relationship by demonstrating the role of evidence in establishing causality. This process involves gathering and analyzing data from multiple sources or studies to support or refute a causal link between variables.

Question 18

In the New York coupon experiment mentioned in your text, the experiment was conducted to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption. Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. One group was offered 15-cent coupons and the other 50-cent coupons for four products. During the interviews, the respondents answered questions about which brands they used and how likely they were to cash coupons of the given face value the next time they shopped. In the preceding experiment, the dependent variable that was ________.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable in this experiment was the likelihood of cashing the coupon, which was directly influenced by the face value of the coupon (independent variable). The study was designed to test whether a higher face value (50 cents) would increase the likelihood of coupon redemption compared to a lower face value (15 cents). The brand usage and individual shoppers were not the focus of the study and were not manipulated or measured as independent or dependent variables.

Question 19

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs, which symbol below represents the exposure of a group to an independent variable, treatment, or event the effects of which are to be determined?

Accepted Answer

The symbol "X" is commonly used in marketing research to denote the exposure of a group to an independent variable, treatment, or event the effects of which are to be determined.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the time order of occurrence of variables?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is not...

Quiz 7: Causal Research Design: Experimentation