Question 1

________ is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient, Φ.
A)Cramer's V
B)coefficient of variation
C)Asymmetric lambda
D)Chi-square statistic

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient, Φ. It is used to measure the strength of association between two nominal variables, taking into account the number of categories for each variable.

Question 2

The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table).
A)contingency coefficient
B)Cramer's V
C)phi coefficient
D)chi-square coefficient

Accepted Answer

The phi coefficient is specifically used as a measure of association in a 2 × 2 table. The contingency coefficient and Cramer's V are also measures of association, but they are more appropriate for tables with more than two rows or columns. The chi-square coefficient is not a valid measure of association as it is a test statistic used to determine if there is a significant association between variables, but it does not provide information about the strength of the association.

Question 3

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is not square but a rectangle.
A)Tau b
B)Symmetric lambda
C)Tau c
D)Gamma

Accepted Answer

Tau c is specifically designed for ordinal-level variables and adjusts for ties, making it suitable for rectangular tables, unlike Tau b which is more appropriate for square tables.

Question 4

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.
A)Parameter tests
B)Parametric tests
C)Nonparametric tests
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale and follow a normal distribution. They require the estimation of one or more population parameters (such as mean or variance) and are sensitive to violations of assumptions. Examples of parametric tests include t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Nonparametric tests, on the other hand, do not make any assumptions about the underlying population distribution and are used when the data are not normally distributed or measured on a nominal or ordinal scale. Examples of nonparametric tests include Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Mann-Whitney test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.

Question 5

________ is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2.
A)coefficient of variation
B)Cramer's V
C)Phi coefficient
D)Chi-square coefficient

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is a measure of the strength of association between two nominal variables in a contingency table larger than 2 × 2. It is considered to be a better measure than Phi coefficient or Chi-square coefficient for larger tables because it adjusts for the size of the table. Coefficient of variation, on the other hand, is used to measure the variability relative to the mean in a single variable.

Question 6

The ________ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation.
A)contingency coefficient
B)Cramer's V
C)phi coefficient
D)chi-square statistic

Accepted Answer

The chi-square statistic is used to test the null hypothesis that there is no association between the two variables in the cross-tabulation. It measures the difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies assuming independence between the variables. A high chi-square value with low degrees of freedom indicates a significant association between the variables. The other options (contingency coefficient, Cramer's V, and phi coefficient) are measures of the strength of association rather than a test of significance.

Question 7

The ________ is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the distribution becomes more symmetrical.
A)t distribution
B)frequency distribution
C)chi-square distribution
D)F distribution

Accepted Answer

The chi-square distribution is skewed and its shape depends on the degrees of freedom. As the degrees of freedom increase, it becomes more symmetrical.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not true concerning cross-tabulation?
A)No more than three variables can be cross-tabulated.
B)As a general rule, there should be at least five expected observations in each cell for the statistics computed to be reliable.
C)Cross-tabulation examines association between variables, not causation.
D)None of the above statements are untrue.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation can involve more than three variables, so statement A is not true.

Question 9

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variable is square.
A)Tau b
B)Symmetric lambda
C)Tau c
D)Gamma

Accepted Answer

Tau b is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables while making an adjustment for ties. It is most appropriate when the table of variable is square, which means that the two variables being examined have the same number of categories or levels. Therefore, option A) is the best choice. Symmetric lambda and Gamma are also measures of association for ordinal variables, but they do not make an adjustment for ties, and therefore, may not be as appropriate as Tau b. Tau c is another measure of association that adjusts for ties, but it is more appropriate for rectangular tables (where one variable has more categories than the other), not square tables.

Question 10

________ is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values.It does not make an assumption about which variable is dependent.
A)Tau b
B)Symmetric lambda
C)Tau c
D)Gamma

Accepted Answer

Symmetric lambda is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values and does not make an assumption about which variable is dependent.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is not true about parametric tests?
A)Parametric tests are used when the independent variables are non-metric.
B)The t test is a commonly used parametric test.
C)The t statistic assumes that the variable is normally distributed and the mean is known (or assumed to be known)and the population variance is estimated from the sample.
D)B and C are not correct.

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests are used when the independent and dependent variables are both metric (or at least have interval or ratio scale). Non-metric variables would require non-parametric tests.

Question 12

The ________ can be used to assess the strength of association in a table of any size.
A)contingency coefficient
B)coefficient of variation
C)phi coefficient
D)chi-square coefficient

Accepted Answer

The contingency coefficient can measure the strength and direction of association in a table of any size, making it the most appropriate choice among the given options. The coefficient of variation measures the relative variability of data, while phi coefficient and chi-square coefficient measure association in 2x2 tables specifically.

Question 13

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It does not make an adjustment for ties.
A)Tau b
B)Symmetric lambda
C)Tau c
D)Gamma

Accepted Answer

Gamma is the test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables without making an adjustment for ties. Tau b and Tau c are variations of Kendall's tau that do adjust for ties in the data, and Symmetric lambda is a measure of association for nominal variables.

Question 14

Which statement is not related to statistics associated with cross-tabulation?
A)The statistical significance of the observed association is commonly measured by the chi-square statistic.
B)The t test could be conducted on the mean of one sample or two samples of observations.
C)Generally, the strength of association is of interest only if the association is statistically significant.
D)The strength of association can be measured by the phi correlation coefficient, the contingency coefficient, Cramer's V, and the lambda coefficient.

Accepted Answer

The statement about conducting a t test on the mean of one or two samples is not related to cross-tabulation, a technique used to explore the relationship between two categorical variables. The other statements all relate to statistical measures and tests commonly used in cross-tabulation analysis.

Question 15

The ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution, which is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.
A)z test
B)t test
C)paired samples test
D)F test

Accepted Answer

The t test is used when the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small (typically less than 30). The z test is used when the population standard deviation is known or the sample size is large (typically greater than or equal to 30). Paired samples test is used when we have two related samples. The F test is used to compare the variances of two populations.

Question 16

Tau b, tau c, and gamma are available to measure association between two ________-level variables.
A)nomimal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Accepted Answer

Tau b, tau c, and gamma are measures of association for two ordinal-level variables. They are not suitable for nominal, interval, or ratio level variables, as these levels of measurement imply different characteristics and types of analysis.

Question 17

________ is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable, given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis.
A)Tau b
B)Symmetric lambda
C)Asymmetric lambda
D)Tau c

Accepted Answer

Asymmetric lambda is a measure used in contingency table analysis to quantify the improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable given the value of the independent variable. It is asymmetric because it measures the predictive improvement in one direction (from independent to dependent variable) and not necessarily the other way around.

Question 18

The ________ is a statistic that assumes that the variable has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution and the mean is known (or assumed to be known)and the population variance is estimated from the sample.
A)F statistic
B)t statistic
C)z statistic
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________ is a statistic that assumes...

Question 19

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.
A)Parameter tests
B)Parametric tests
C)Nonparametric tests
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests do not assume any specific distribution of the data and are appropriate for variables measured on a nominal or ordinal scale. Parametric tests, on the other hand, assume that the data is normally distributed and measured on an interval or ratio scale. Parameter tests are not a type of hypothesis testing procedure.

Question 20

The ________ is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that is useful for small sample (n < 30)testing.
A)t distribution
B)frequency distribution
C)chi-square distribution
D)F distribution

Accepted Answer

The t distribution is specifically designed for small sample sizes and becomes more similar to the normal distribution as sample size increases.

Quiz 15: Frequency Distribution, Cross-Tabulation, and Hypothesis Testing

________ is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient, Φ.

The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table) .

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is not square but a rectangle.

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.

________ is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2.

The ________ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation.

The ________ is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the distribution becomes more symmetrical.

Which of the following statements is not true concerning cross-tabulation?

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variable is square.

________ is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values.It does not make an assumption about which variable is dependent.

Which of the following statements is not true about parametric tests?

The ________ can be used to assess the strength of association in a table of any size.

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It does not make an adjustment for ties.

Which statement is not related to statistics associated with cross-tabulation?

The ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution, which is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.

Tau b, tau c, and gamma are available to measure association between two ________-level variables.

________ is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable, given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis.

The ________ is a statistic that assumes that the variable has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution and the mean is known (or assumed to be known) and the population variance is estimated from the sample.

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

The ________ is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that is useful for small sample (n < 30) testing.