When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, ____ has been said to occur.
A) confounding
B) random assignment
C) an interaction
D) a main effect

Question

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Confounding occurs when the effects of two variables cannot be separated, making it unclear which variable is causing a certain result. This can lead to inaccurate conclusions and difficulties in determining causality. Random assignment refers to the procedure used in experimental designs to ensure that participants have an equal chance of being assigned to each group, which helps control for confounding. An interaction refers to the situation in which the effect of one variable on an outcome differs depending on the levels of another variable. A main effect refers to the independent effect of a single variable on an outcome, ignoring the effects of other variables.

When the Effects of Two Variables Cannot Be Separated, ____