Discouraging risk taking,narrowly defined jobs and having the managers determine and plan the work,are all components of a(n)

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These characteristics are all indicative of a traditional, hierarchical work environment where managers have a high degree of control and employees are expected to stick to their narrowly defined roles without taking risks. In contrast, virtual, team, and working group environments tend to be more collaborative, flexible, and supportive of risk-taking and innovation.

Discouraging Risk Taking,narrowly Defined Jobs and Having the Managers Determine