Question 1

Which of the following were considered problems of the original "F-scale",which were later corrected by Altemeyer (1981)in the development of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism scale?
1)The items of the F-scale assessed several characteristics that were not really related to authoritarianism,such as cynicism,superstition,and projection
2)The items of the F-scale tended to elicit the same responses from everyone,so there was very little variation in scale scores
3)The items of the F-scale were all keyed in the same direction,which meant that scale scores were influenced by acquiescent responding
4)The items of the F-scale were written in such complicated language that most respondents couldn't understand them.

Accepted Answer

Altemeyer (1981) corrected the problem of the F-scale items being keyed in the same direction, which influenced scale scores. He also eliminated the items assessing characteristics unrelated to authoritarianism, such as cynicism and superstition. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the items of the F-scale elicited the same responses from everyone or were written in complicated language.

Question 2

What is the extent of assortative mating for religiosity,as expressed in terms of correlations between husbands' and wives' levels of religious belief and practice?

Accepted Answer

E

Question 3

Recall the review by Zuckerman et al. (2013)of studies examining religiousness and IQ.According to their findings,how do the average IQ scores of religious believers and nonbelievers compare?

Accepted Answer

The review by Zuckerman et al. (2013) found that nonbelievers tend to have slightly higher IQ scores than believers, averaging about half a standard deviation unit higher.

Question 4

Which of the following describes the relations of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)with ethnocentric attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Both RWA and SDO have been found to be substantially correlated with ethnocentric attitudes. RWA is characterized by a desire for order and a willingness to submit to authority, making individuals more likely to hold strong ingroup/outgroup distinctions. SDO, on the other hand, reflects a desire for group-based hierarchy and dominance, which can manifest in the form of prejudice and discrimination against outgroups. Together, these two factors contribute to ethnocentric attitudes. Research has consistently shown that both RWA and SDO are robust predictors of intergroup prejudice and discrimination.

Question 5

Recall that Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1997)compared two groups of people: Those who were nonreligious despite having been raised in a very religious household (i.e. ,the "Amazing Apostates"),and those who were very religious despite having been raised in a nonreligious househould (i.e. ,the "Amazing Believers").Which of the following statements is an accurate description of their results?

Accepted Answer

Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1997) found that most "Amazing Believers" had become religious following a period of crisis in their lives, indicating that personal crises were significant turning points leading them towards religiosity.

Question 6

Which of the following results did Altemeyer et al. (1988,1996)observe in his studies of stability and change in levels of Right-Wing Authoritarisnism (RWA)?
1)The average level of RWA tended to decrease during the college-age years
2)Among people in their early 30s,those who were parents tended to be higher in RWA than were those who were not parents
3)There was only a very small correlation between individuals' RWA levels in their late teens (i.e. ,beginning of college)and early 30s.

Accepted Answer

Altemeyer et al. observed that the average level of RWA tended to decrease during the college-age years and that among people in their early 30s, those who were parents tended to be higher in RWA than those who were not parents.

Question 7

Based on the two-dimensional system of social values as identified by Schwartz,which of the following pairs consists of two values that are nearly opposite to each other?

Accepted Answer

Universalism values emphasize tolerance, equality, and protection of the welfare of all people and nature. Power values are focused on the pursuit of social status and prestige, and the control or dominance over people and resources. These two values are nearly opposite to each other.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of investigations of the genetic and environmental influences on religiosity and political attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that genetic influences on religiosity and political attitudes become stronger in adulthood, while common environmental influences weaken. This suggests that our basic predispositions are more influential than our upbringing or social surroundings as we age.

Question 9

Which of the following political attitudes would be least likely to be correlated with Social Dominance Orientation?

Accepted Answer

Social Dominance Orientation is characterized by a desire for group-based dominance and hierarchy. Therefore, attitudes that are more likely to align with Social Dominance Orientation are those that support dominance of certain groups over others. Of the given options, support for stricter regulation of alcohol and tobacco products is least likely to be correlated with Social Dominance Orientation since it does not involve group-based dominance or hierarchy.

Question 10

Which of the following is generally NOT found to show a (modest)positive association with religiosity?

Accepted Answer

Studies and surveys have generally found that religiosity is modestly associated with various positive outcomes, including longer life expectancy, higher life satisfaction, greater law-abidingness, and having more children. These associations are often attributed to the social support, lifestyle choices, and community involvement typically encouraged by religious participation.

Question 11

Suppose that a person has very low levels of both Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation.Which of the following is most likely to describe his or her personality accurately,with reference to the HEXACO personality factors?

Accepted Answer

A person with low levels of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation is unlikely to prioritize conformity, tradition, and authority. Therefore, they are more likely to score high on Openness to Experience, indicating their preference for novel experiences, ideas, and creativity. Additionally, they may score high on Honesty-Humility, reflecting their lack of interest in exploiting or manipulating others for personal gain. High Emotionality (also known as Neuroticism) is unlikely as individuals low in these personality traits tend to have good emotional stability.

Question 12

Which of the following summarizes the relations between the personality factor of Openness to Experience and different aspects of religiosity?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Openness to Experience is negatively correlated with religious fundamentalism, meaning that individuals high in this personality trait are less likely to adhere strictly to religious dogma and more open to new ideas and beliefs. Additionally, Openness to Experience is positively correlated with spirituality, indicating a greater interest in and acceptance of spiritual experiences and practices.

Question 13

Recall that Saroglou (2011)described four basic components of religion.Which of the following is NOT among those four?

Accepted Answer

Begetting (having children who will be raised in the traditions of the faith) is not one of the four basic components of religion described by Saroglou (2011), which are Believing, Bonding, Behaving, and Belonging.

Question 14

Recall that McCullough et al. (2003,2005)examined stability and change in religiosity across the life span.Which of the following statements about the results can be considered accurate?
1)The average level of religiosity showed a strong,steady increase across the life span
2)People who were raised in more-religious households tended to be more religious in adulthood than were people who were raised in less-religious households
3)People who were religious as young adults (compared with persons of the same age)tended to be religious in old age (compared with persons of the same age).

Accepted Answer

Statement 1 is inaccurate because the study showed that the average level of religiosity increased until middle adulthood, and then declined slightly in older age. Statement 2 is accurate, as the study found that those raised in more religious households tended to maintain higher levels of religiosity in adulthood. Statement 3 is also accurate, as the study found that religiousness in young adulthood was a predictor of religiousness in old age. Therefore, the correct choice is D: 2 and 3 only.

Quiz 12: Religion and Politics

What is the extent of assortative mating for religiosity,as expressed in terms of correlations between husbands' and wives' levels of religious belief and practice?

Recall the review by Zuckerman et al. (2013) of studies examining religiousness and IQ.According to their findings,how do the average IQ scores of religious believers and nonbelievers compare?

Which of the following describes the relations of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) with ethnocentric attitudes?

Based on the two-dimensional system of social values as identified by Schwartz,which of the following pairs consists of two values that are nearly opposite to each other?

Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of investigations of the genetic and environmental influences on religiosity and political attitudes?

Which of the following political attitudes would be least likely to be correlated with Social Dominance Orientation?

Which of the following is generally NOT found to show a (modest) positive association with religiosity?

Suppose that a person has very low levels of both Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation.Which of the following is most likely to describe his or her personality accurately,with reference to the HEXACO personality factors?

Which of the following summarizes the relations between the personality factor of Openness to Experience and different aspects of religiosity?

Recall that Saroglou (2011) described four basic components of religion.Which of the following is NOT among those four?