Question 1

Bandura demonstrated,through a series of theoretical and experimental studies,that a significant amount of learning takes place:

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of social learning emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in the learning process, rather than conditioning or reinforcement. Therefore, learning can occur without the need for any form of explicit conditioning or responses to a given behavior.

Question 2

______ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory.

Accepted Answer

Edwin Sutherland is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory. Sheldon contributed to the theory of somatotypes, Tarde developed the concept of imitation in criminal behavior, and Shaw and McKay developed the theory of social disorganization.

Question 3

Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists.

Accepted Answer

Neutralization theory is associated with Sykes and Matza, who argued that delinquents use techniques of neutralization to justify their deviant behavior and neutralize the guilt associated with it. Sutherland and Hirschi are associated with differential association theory and social bond theory, respectively, while Alex and Leonard are not criminologists or associated with neutralization theory.

Question 4

______ theory emphasizes various types of social learning,specifically classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and imitation or modeling.

Accepted Answer

Differential reinforcement theory emphasizes three types of social learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling. Differential association theory focuses on the idea that individuals learn deviant behavior through their interactions with others who engage in such behavior. Differential identification theory proposes that individuals adopt certain identities and behaviors based on their perceived similarity to the people around them. Neutralization theory suggests that individuals may engage in deviant behavior but still adhere to conventional values through the use of neutralizing techniques.

Question 5

______ consist of a wide range of constraints on individual propensities to commit deviant acts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ consist of a wide range of...

Question 6

Sutherland was interested in explaining:

Accepted Answer

Sutherland was interested in how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another, which is central to his theory of differential association.

Question 7

What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of differential association theory?

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's differential association theory emphasizes the role of social interactions in the learning of criminal behavior, particularly through intimate personal groups such as family, friends, and community. However, it does not explicitly account for the influence of media.

Question 8

Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors.Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used...

Question 9

The four constructs of social bonding theory is made up of all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The four constructs of social bonding theory include attachment, involvement, commitment, and belief. Conformity is not one of the basic constructs of this theory.

Question 10

Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland's work with contributions from the field of ______.

Accepted Answer

Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland's work with contributions from the field of social psychology, expanding on the understanding of criminal behavior through the lens of social learning theory.

Question 11

Sutherland introduced ______theory.

Accepted Answer

Sutherland introduced differential association theory, which posits that criminal behaviors are learned through social interaction with others who engage in criminal activities, and that the frequency and intensity of these interactions determine the likelihood of the individual engaging in criminal behavior. Differential access and learning theories are not associated with Sutherland's work.

Question 12

All of the following are considered learning theories EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Differential reinforcement theory, differential association theory, and neutralization theory are all well-known learning theories in criminology. However, collective conscience theory is not recognized as a learning theory but rather a concept in sociology proposed by Emile Durkheim.

Question 13

The neutralizing techniques found primarily in corporate settings is ______,which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that he or she is entitled to mess up by doing something illegal.

Accepted Answer

The metaphor of the ledger is a neutralizing technique where individuals or groups believe they have a "moral balance" due to their previous good deeds, which they think entitles them to deviate from legal or ethical standards without significant repercussions.

Question 14

Tarde introduced imitation theory,which incorporated three laws of imitation.Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation?

Accepted Answer

Gabriel Tarde's laws of imitation include: (B) people imitate one another in proportion as they are in close contact, and (C) when two mutually exclusive methods come together, one method can be substituted for another. The incorrect statement, (A) the inferior is imitated by the superior, is not part of Tarde's laws of imitation. Instead, Tarde suggested that the superior or more advanced often serves as a model for the inferior or less advanced to imitate.

Question 15

Spanking is considered an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Spanking is considered an example of positive punishment because it involves adding an unpleasant stimulus (physical pain) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (the child's misbehavior).

Question 16

Sutherland's theory of differential association had ______ different elements.

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's theory of differential association consists of 9 different elements. These elements outline how individuals learn criminal behavior through interaction with others, emphasizing the importance of communication and intimate personal groups in the transmission of criminal skills, motives, and attitudes.

Question 17

______ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action. This feedback may include rewards or punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. Models such as classical conditioning, modeling, and imitation focus on different aspects of learning and behavior.

Question 18

Differential associations vary in all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Differential associations vary in terms of their duration, frequency, and priority, but not moderation. Moderation is not a factor in differential association theory, which focuses on how learning from social interactions can influence an individual's behavior.

Question 19

The text states that it is arguable that ______ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated)model of criminal offending.

Accepted Answer

The text states that differential reinforcement theory may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated) model of criminal offending.

Question 20

In the process of classical conditioning,the organism,animal,or person is a(an)______ actor in the process,simply receiving stimuli and responding.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the organism, animal or person is a passive actor in the process as they simply receive stimuli and respond without any voluntary action or decision. The conditioning happens through repeated association between the stimuli and response, which leads to a learned behavior or response.

Quiz 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime