Question 1

Coding using the rule that a male appearing in an advertisement is coded as "1," a female is "2," a child is "3," and an animal is "4," is an example of class coding.

Accepted Answer

Class coding is a method of coding or categorizing the contents of an advertisement into certain classes or categories. In this case, the four classes or categories are male, female, child, and animal, each coded with a specific number.

Question 2

Discrete coding can be used for dichotomous responses like "yes "or "no."

Accepted Answer

Dummy coding is used for this type of data.

Question 3

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on nominal or ordinal categories.

Question 4

A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.

Accepted Answer

This is true. A marginal tabulation shows the frequency distribution of one variable without taking into account any other variables. It is a simple way of summarizing data.

Question 5

All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest)are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).

Accepted Answer

All statistics appropriate for lower-order scales (nominal is the lowest)are suitable for higher-order scales (ratio is the highest).

Question 6

Coding is the process of assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Coding is the process of assigning a...

Question 7

Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.

Accepted Answer

They usually are more interested in the inner cells of a contingency table.

Question 8

The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column)used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.

Accepted Answer

This is referred to as the statistical base.

Question 9

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.

Accepted Answer

Tabulation involves organizing data in a structured manner, such as in a table, chart or graph, making it easy to read and understand.

Question 10

The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.

Accepted Answer

The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the level of measurement of the data and thus the appropriate statistical tests that can be used with the resulting data. Different types of measurement scales include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales, and each has its own unique properties and appropriate statistical tests.

Question 11

The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Accepted Answer

They are called marginals because they appear in the table's margins.

Question 12

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Accepted Answer

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Question 13

Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Accepted Answer

Combining adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common data transformation technique, also known as collapsing or grouping categories. This can be done to simplify the data or increase statistical power, but it should be done carefully to ensure the resulting data still accurately reflect the participants' responses.

Question 14

A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Accepted Answer

This is called a median split.

Question 15

A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Accepted Answer

This represents a two-way contingency table displaying two variables - one with three levels and the other with four levels.

Question 16

The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using univariate statistics.

Accepted Answer

Univariate statistics focuses on the analysis of a single variable, examining its central tendency, variability, and shape. Descriptive statistics, which are used to summarize the characteristics of a dataset, are a common application of univariate statistics.

Question 17

A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Accepted Answer

This is a histogram.

Question 18

A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation of data is a common form of elaboration analysis and involves examining the relationship between two or more variables within subgroups of the sample.

Question 19

When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously,this third variable is called a moderator variable.

Accepted Answer

This is the correct definition of a moderator variable.

Question 20

The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.

Accepted Answer

Data transformation involves changing data from their original form to a format that is more suitable for analysis and easier to understand. This is done to meet the specific research objectives and facilitate statistical analysis.

Quiz 14: Basic Data Analysis

Coding using the rule that a male appearing in an advertisement is coded as "1," a female is "2," a child is "3," and an animal is "4," is an example of class coding.

Discrete coding can be used for dichotomous responses like "yes "or "no."

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.

A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.

All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest)are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).

Coding is the process of assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data.

Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.

The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column)used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.

The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.

The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using univariate statistics.

A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously,this third variable is called a moderator variable.

The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.