Question 1

Melanie presents infants with the same red light repeatedly until the infants quit looking at it.She then presents a new,slightly different colored light and records whether the infants resume responding.This is an example of:
A) the novelty paradigm
B) the habituation procedure
C) the adaptation procedure
D) cross-sectional research

Accepted Answer

The habituation procedure involves presenting a stimulus repeatedly until an organism becomes habituated or bored with it. Once habituation has occurred, the presentation of a new stimulus can elicit a renewed response, as the organism's attention is drawn to the new stimulus. This procedure is commonly used in infant research to study their perceptual abilities.

Question 2

When an object touches baby Geraldine's palm,she closes her fist tightly around it if the object is lifted up,Geraldine hangs on and is lifted up with it.Geraldine is demonstrating:
A) preoperational thought
B) the rooting reflex
C) the Moro reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Accepted Answer

The grasping reflex is when a baby tightly closes their fist around an object that touches their palm. The description in the question matches this reflex. The rooting reflex is when a baby turns their head and opens their mouth when their cheek is touched. The Moro reflex is when a baby suddenly throws their arms out and then brings them back in when they feel like they are falling. Preoperational thought refers to the cognitive stage in Piaget's theory of development that occurs between ages 2 and 7.

Question 3

The habituation technique for studying infant perception is based on the finding that infants will:
A) spend more time looking at familiar objects
B) repeat simple motor responses that have been rewarded in the past
C) spend more time looking at correctly drawn faces than at faces with features placed in incorrect positions
D) show a decline in responsiveness to repeated stimulation

Accepted Answer

The habituation technique involves presenting a stimulus repeatedly until the infant shows a decline in responsiveness or interest to the stimulus. This is based on the finding that infants habituate or become accustomed to repetitive stimulation and show a decrease in responsiveness over time. Therefore, the correct answer is D, showing a decline in responsiveness to repeated stimulation.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the Moro reflex
A) The baby withdraws to avoid pain
B)  The baby swallows to improve feeding
C)  The baby grunts to improve waste elimination
D)  The baby extends his or her arms to avoid falling

Accepted Answer

The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex, is when a baby extends their arms and legs, opens their hands, and then quickly brings their arms back in as if trying to grab onto something in response to a sudden sound or movement. This reflex is believed to have developed as a survival instinct to help babies avoid falling or being dropped.

Question 5

Among adults,a fear of flying is thought to reflect a fear of falling,or loss of support.In infancy,the ________ reflex protects the infant from falling.
A) rooting
B) stepping
C) tonic neck
D) Moro

Accepted Answer

The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex that is sometimes referred to as the startle reflex. This reflex is triggered when an infant feels a loss of support, causing the baby to react by spreading their arms (abduction), unspreading their arms (adduction), and usually crying. This reflex is thought to be a protective measure, simulating how an infant might cling to their mother. It is a response to the sensation of falling and is present at birth, typically disappearing around 4 to 6 months of age.

Question 6

As psychologists use the term,to "habituate" means:
A) to clothe
B) to inhabit
C) to notice
D) to become accustomed
E) to prefer

Accepted Answer

To habituate means to become accustomed to or familiar with something. This is a common term used in psychology to describe the process of becoming less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time.

Question 7

In Piaget's theory,the mental models children use to interpret and guide their experiences are called _________.
A) constructs
B) complexes
C) schemas
D) structures

Accepted Answer

Piaget refers to the mental models children use as "schemas."

Question 8

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-colored card over repeatedly until the infant stops watching the card.If the color of the card is now changed to green,and the infant starts watching again,researchers can infer that the infant:
A) can perceive the difference between the two cards
B) is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards
C) prefers the green card to the blue card
D) prefers the blue card to the green card

Accepted Answer

If the infant stops watching the blue card and then starts watching the green card, it indicates that the infant is able to perceive the difference between the two colors. If the infant was not able to perceive the difference, they would not have started watching again when presented with the new color.

Question 9

"I am a prominent early American.I proposed that the newborn experiences the world as a 'blooming,buzzing confusion.' Who am I"
A) James
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Titchener

Accepted Answer

William James is the early American psychologist who proposed that the newborn experiences the world as a "blooming, buzzing confusion." This concept is part of his broader work on psychology and philosophy.

Question 10

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar ____________.
A) Jung
B) Freud
C) Vygotsky
D) Piaget

Accepted Answer

Piaget's extensive research and theories on cognitive development, particularly his stage theory of development, have greatly influenced the field of cognitive psychology and developmental psychology. His work emphasized the importance of children's active engagement with their environment in shaping their understanding of the world around them.

Question 11

Four-year-old Hope thought her next-door neighbor's new pet rabbit was a kitty-cat until she realized that it hopped instead of walked and it didn't purr.The change in Hope's understanding of her neighbor's new pet illustrates the process that Piaget called:
A) assimilation
B) object permanence
C) conservation
D) accommodation

Accepted Answer

The change in Hope's understanding of the pet rabbit from it being a "kitty-cat" to a rabbit that hops instead of walks and doesn't purr, indicates that she had to adjust her mental representation of what a cat is to fit the new information. This process of altering one's existing schema or mental representation to accommodate new information or experiences is called accommodation, which is the process referred to by Piaget in this scenario.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct definition of the blink reflex
A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant closes both its eyes when a light is flashed in its eyes

Accepted Answer

The blink reflex is the involuntary closing of both eyes in response to a stimulus such as a flash of light or a puff of air directed toward the eye. Option A describes the Moro reflex, option B describes the rooting reflex, and option C describes the tonic neck reflex.

Question 13

In its discussion of habituation,your text notes that when infants pay attention to a stimulus,their heart rate increases.Increased heart rate may therefore serve as a(n)_________ definition of "paying attention."
A) experimental
B) conceptual
C) operational
D) procedural

Accepted Answer

The use of heart rate to define "paying attention" is measuring a specific operational definition of the concept, as it is a concrete and measurable indicator of the infant's attention to a stimulus. This is different from a conceptual definition, which would be a broader and more abstract explanation of what "paying attention" means with regards to infant development. It is also not an experimental definition, as it is not being manipulated by the researcher, nor is it a procedural definition, which would be a step-by-step explanation of how to measure attention.

Question 14

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development from birth through adolescence
A) sensorimotor → concrete operational → preoperational → formal operational
B) preoperational → concrete operational → sensorimotor → formal operational
C) preoperational → sensorimotor → concrete operational → formal operational
D) sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operational → formal operational

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stages of cognitive development in order are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Question 15

Research examining the perceptual abilities of newborn and very young infants has:
A) generally supported the notion that infants experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion"
B) tended to contradict the idea that infants experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion"
C) provided little information regarding the notion that infants experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion"
D) revealed that babies are insensitive to color and shape

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that newborn and very young infants are not experiencing a "blooming, buzzing confusion," but rather can distinguish between different sensory stimuli such as sounds, colors, and shapes. This contradicts the idea that infants are overwhelmed by a chaotic and confusing sensory world.

Question 16

According to Piaget,the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemata is called _________,whereas the process of changing or modifying existing schemata to make sense of new experiences is called ________.
A) accommodation; assimilation
B) conservation; accommodation
C) assimilation; conservation
D) assimilation; accommodation

Accepted Answer

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, assimilation involves integrating new experiences into existing cognitive structures (schemata), while accommodation refers to altering existing schemata or creating new ones in response to new information or experiences.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct definition of the tonic neck reflex.
A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Accepted Answer

The tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex, occurs when an infant is laid on its back and turns its head to one side, causing the arm on the same side to extend while the opposite arm flexes. This reflex disappears around 4-6 months of age.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct definition of the withdrawal reflex
A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Accepted Answer

The withdrawal reflex is a protective response to potentially harmful or painful stimuli. When a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of an infant's foot, they will typically flex their leg in response. This is the correct definition of the withdrawal reflex. Option A describes the Moro reflex, Option B describes the rooting reflex, and Option C describes the tonic neck reflex.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct definition of the rooting reflex
A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex is the infant's automatic turning of the head to the side when the cheek is touched, in preparation for nursing or receiving a feeding. Option A describes the Moro reflex, option C describes the tonic neck reflex, and option D describes the Babinski reflex.

Question 20

Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cabinet.They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all.Darlene's error illustrates the process that Piaget termed:
A) habituation
B) accommodation
C) object permanence
D) assimilation

Accepted Answer

Darlene's error illustrates the process of assimilation, which is the process of incorporating new information into existing cognitive schemas or mental representations. Darlene already had a schema for candies, which she applied to the vitamins, assuming they were the same thing.

Quiz 6: Psychological Science

Melanie presents infants with the same red light repeatedly until the infants quit looking at it.She then presents a new,slightly different colored light and records whether the infants resume responding.This is an example of:

When an object touches baby Geraldine's palm,she closes her fist tightly around it if the object is lifted up,Geraldine hangs on and is lifted up with it.Geraldine is demonstrating:

The habituation technique for studying infant perception is based on the finding that infants will:

Which of the following best describes the Moro reflex

Among adults,a fear of flying is thought to reflect a fear of falling,or loss of support.In infancy,the ________ reflex protects the infant from falling.

As psychologists use the term,to "habituate" means:

In Piaget's theory,the mental models children use to interpret and guide their experiences are called _________.

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-colored card over repeatedly until the infant stops watching the card.If the color of the card is now changed to green,and the infant starts watching again,researchers can infer that the infant:

"I am a prominent early American.I proposed that the newborn experiences the world as a 'blooming,buzzing confusion.' Who am I"

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar ____________.

Four-year-old Hope thought her next-door neighbor's new pet rabbit was a kitty-cat until she realized that it hopped instead of walked and it didn't purr.The change in Hope's understanding of her neighbor's new pet illustrates the process that Piaget called:

Which of the following is the correct definition of the blink reflex

In its discussion of habituation,your text notes that when infants pay attention to a stimulus,their heart rate increases.Increased heart rate may therefore serve as a(n) _________ definition of "paying attention."

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development from birth through adolescence

Research examining the perceptual abilities of newborn and very young infants has:

According to Piaget,the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemata is called _,whereas the process of changing or modifying existing schemata to make sense of new experiences is called .

Which of the following is the correct definition of the tonic neck reflex.

Which of the following is the correct definition of the withdrawal reflex

Which of the following is the correct definition of the rooting reflex

Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cabinet.They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all.Darlene's error illustrates the process that Piaget termed: