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What Is the Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines,tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

Question 32

Multiple Choice

What is the effect of inflammatory cytokines,tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) ,and interleukin 1 (Il-1) ,in asthma?


A) They increase levels of norepinephrine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion.
B) They increase levels of acetylcholine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion.
C) They increase levels of epinephrine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increases capillary permeability.
D) They increase levels of immunoglobulins G,which initiates the complement cascade and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability.

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