Question 1

_____ reliability is assessed by measuring the same individuals at two points in time.

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability measures how consistent the results of a test are over time, with the same group of individuals. This is done by administering the same test to the same individuals at two different points in time, and then correlating the results. This measures the stability of the test results over time and can indicate whether the test is reliable. Alternately, Interrater reliability measures the level of agreement between two or more raters scoring the same test or assessment. Split-half reliability assesses the consistency of scores on different halves of the same test. Alternate forms reliability measures the consistency of scores on different versions of the same test. However, in the given scenario, Test-retest reliability is the best choice.

Question 2

A researcher can increase the number of test items in a questionnaire to increase _____ of the study.

Accepted Answer

Increasing the number of test items can improve the reliability of the study by providing more consistent and accurate measures of variables. This is because having more items can reduce the impact of random errors and increase the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Options A and C are not related to the number of test items, while option D refers to a different aspect of the study that is not affected by the number of test items.

Question 3

In the context of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, the closer a correlation is to 1.00, the _____ is the relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

The closer a correlation is to 1.00, the stronger is the relationship between two variables.

Question 4

To assess the reliability of a measure, Julie administers different versions of the same test to the same individuals at two points in time. This procedure is an example of _____ reliability.

Accepted Answer

Alternate forms reliability involves administering different versions of a test to the same group of individuals at different times to assess the consistency of the results across the different versions. This is what Julie is doing by using different versions of the same test.

Question 5

Split-half reliability is as an indicator of _____.

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability is a measure of internal consistency, assessing the degree to which items on a test or scale are consistent with each other. It involves dividing the test into two halves and assessing how similar the scores are between the two halves.

Question 6

To assess the reliability of a measure, one should _____ the measure.

Accepted Answer

One way to assess reliability is to calculate the correlation coefficient of the scores of the measure. This coefficient indicates the degree of association between two sets of scores in which the first set is obtained from the measure at one time and the second set is obtained from the measure at a later time. A high correlation coefficient suggests that the measure is reliable.

Question 7

The positive and negative signs in the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient provide information about the:

Accepted Answer

The positive and negative signs in the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient indicate the direction of a relationship between two variables. A positive sign indicates a positive relationship, while a negative sign indicates a negative relationship. The strength of the relationship is determined by the magnitude of the coefficient, while the true score of a measure and the measurement error of a measure are not directly related to the sign of the coefficient.

Question 8

The most common correlation coefficient when discussing reliability is the _____ product-moment correlation coefficient.

Accepted Answer

The most common correlation coefficient when discussing reliability is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. It is widely used to assess the relationship between two continuous variables and is particularly useful in demonstrating the test-retest reliability of a measurement instrument.

Question 9

True score and measurement error are two important components of a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

True score and measurement error are components of a measurement or test. Therefore, the best choice is D, "measure." Choices A, B, and C do not accurately describe the concept of a measurement or test.

Question 10

A researcher conducts an experiment to establish a relationship between a chess player's mental stability and his performance in the game. He finds that the two have a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient value of +1.00. This means the two variables-mental stability and performance-have a _____ relationship.

Accepted Answer

A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient value of +1.00 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship between the two variables, meaning that as one variable (mental stability) increases, the other variable (performance) also increases in a linear manner.

Question 11

If a measure is reliable, then a researcher must find a:

Accepted Answer

If a measure is reliable, it means that it consistently measures what it is designed to measure. This consistency is reflected in a high positive correlation coefficient between scores on the measure, meaning that individuals who score high on the measure tend to score high on subsequent administrations of the measure, and those who score low tend to score low. A negative linear relationship or correlation coefficient of zero does not necessarily indicate reliability, and low true score indicates poor reliability.

Question 12

In the context of components of a measure, a reliable measure of intelligence must contain relatively low _____.

Accepted Answer

A reliable measure of intelligence must contain relatively low measurement error, which refers to the degree to which the scores on a measure are influenced by factors other than what the measure is designed to assess. High measurement error can lead to inconsistent and unreliable results, making it difficult to accurately measure intelligence. Validity refers to the extent to which a measure actually assesses the construct it is intended to measure; coefficient is a general term that could refer to multiple measures; and true score refers to the hypothetical score a person would receive if there were no measurement error. While each of these components is important in the development of a measure, measurement error is the key factor in ensuring reliability.

Question 13

_____ reliability is the extent to which raters agree in their observations.

Accepted Answer

Interrater reliability refers to the agreement among multiple raters in their observations. Split-half reliability and alternate forms reliability refer to the consistency of a measurement instrument, while rater-based reliability is not a commonly used term in psychometric research.

Question 14

In the context of components of a measure, the more _____ in a test, the smaller the variability of scores in the test.

Accepted Answer

The true score of a measure refers to the construct being measured without any errors or extraneous factors. The more true score there is in a test, the smaller the measurement error and therefore the smaller the variability of scores in the test. The other options, such as measurement error, reactivity, and discrepancy, do not directly relate to the variability of scores in a test.

Question 15

In the context of reliability, reliability coefficient shows _____ between two variables.

Accepted Answer

The reliability coefficient measures the degree of correlation between two sets of scores. Therefore, the best choice is A.

Question 16

Mike takes his temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observes the following measurements: 98, 106, and 89 degrees. In this context, Mike concludes that the _____ of the thermometer is _____.

Accepted Answer

The temperature measurements are inconsistent and vary significantly, indicating low reliability.

Question 17

_____ reliability is the assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time.

Accepted Answer

Internal consistency reliability assesses the reliability of a test or measurement tool by examining the consistency of responses across items at a single point in time. This is often measured using Cronbach's alpha or similar statistics.

Question 18

According to Pearson product-movement correlation coefficient, a correlation of 0.00 shows that the two variables are:

Accepted Answer

A correlation coefficient of 0.00 indicates no linear relationship between the two variables, meaning they are not related. This means that changes in one variable do not correspond to changes in the other variable.

Question 19

_____ refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior over time, across different raters, or across different items on a test. Validity refers to the accuracy of the measure in assessing the construct it is intended to measure. Reactivity refers to how the act of observation or measurement may affect the behavior being measured. Variability refers to the degree to which scores in a distribution differ from each other.

Question 20

In the context of components of a measure, a test containing high _____ is associated with greater variability.

Accepted Answer

Measurement error refers to the extent to which the scores obtained from a test or measure are contaminated by chance factors that are unrelated to what the test is supposed to be measuring. Higher measurement errors indicate greater variability in the scores obtained, as they might contain a higher level of noise.

Quiz 5: Measurement Concepts