Question 1

Which of the following statements about expectancy theory is FALSE?
A)Expectancy theory is a drive-based theory of motivation.
B)Expectancy theory has been applied to a wide variety of studies.
C)The process of employee motivation is explained reasonably well by expectancy theory.
D)One way to increase the P-to-O expectancy in the expectancy theory model is to accurately measure job performance.
E)Expectancy theory has three main components relating to effort,performance and performance outcomes.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory is not a drive-based theory of motivation but rather a cognitive theory that explains how individuals make decisions about whether or not to exert effort towards a particular task or goal.

Question 2

Which of these is found in the expectancy theory model?
A)P-to-O expectancy
B)E-to-F expectancy
C)V-to-E expectancy
D)P-to-E expectancy
E)O-to-P expectancy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these is found in the...

Question 3

Four-drive theory recommends:
A)that companies should encourage employees to fulfill one drive at a time.
B)that companies should provide sufficient rewards,learning opportunities,and social interaction at the same time.
C)that companies should only hire people with a strong drive to defend.
D)that companies should create a work environment that routinely triggers the employee's drive to defend.
E)None of the answers apply.

Accepted Answer

Four-drive theory recommends that companies should provide sufficient rewards, learning opportunities, and social interaction at the same time, as fulfilling all four drives (acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend) can increase employee motivation and engagement. Encouraging employees to fulfill one drive at a time (A) or only hiring people with a strong drive to defend (C) or creating a work environment that routinely triggers the employee's drive to defend (D) may not necessarily lead to well-rounded motivation and job satisfaction. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 4

Four-drive theory states that the four drives:
A)counterbalance each other.
B)are arranged in a hierarchy.
C)are learned,not innate.
D)are equivalent to the top four needs in Maslow's needs hierarchy.
E)should not be fulfilled in organizational settings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Four-drive theory states that the four drives:
A)counterbalance...

Question 5

An individual's perceived probability that a particular level of effort will result in a particular level of performance refers to the:
A)E-to-P need.
B)EP-to-PO outcome.
C)E-to-V expectancy.
D)E-to-P expectancy.
E)EV-to-PE outcome.

Accepted Answer

The described concept refers to E-to-P expectancy, which is the belief that a certain level of effort will result in a certain level of performance. Option A, E-to-P need, is not a recognized psychological term. Option B, EP-to-PO outcome, is not a commonly used term in expectancy theory. Option C, E-to-V expectancy, refers to the belief that a certain level of effort will result in a certain level of attainment of a specific outcome or reward, rather than performance. Option E, EV-to-PE outcome, is not a recognized term in expectancy theory.

Question 6

Four-drive theory is based on the idea that:
A)needs can be learned.
B)needs form a permanent hierarchy.
C)employee motivation is based on expectations.
D)the sources of employee needs are hard-wired.
E)people do not really have any needs.

Accepted Answer

Four-drive theory posits that humans have four innate drives (the drive to acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend) that are biologically based and hard-wired. This is in contrast to the idea that needs can be learned (A), form a permanent hierarchy (B), are based on expectations (C), or that people do not really have needs (E).

Question 7

Which theory most explicitly relies on emotions to explain employee motivation?
A)Four-drive theory
B)Maslow's needs hierarchy
C)Goal setting theory
D)McClelland's learned needs theory
E)Expectancy theory

Accepted Answer

Four-drive theory explicitly incorporates emotions as one of the four basic drives that motivate human behavior, alongside the drive to acquire, bond, and comprehend. It suggests that emotions play a powerful role in shaping work behaviors, including the desire to seek pleasure, avoid pain, and engage in social interactions.

Question 8

Expectancy theory mainly helps us to predict an individual's:
A)effort.
B)need for achievement.
C)distributive justice.
D)job satisfaction.
E)rewards.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Expectancy theory mainly helps us to predict...

Question 9

According to expectancy theory,providing counselling and coaching to an employee who lacks self-confidence is most likely to increase the employee's:
A)V-to-O expectancy.
B)E-to-P expectancy.
C)P-to-E expectancy.
D)O-to-P expectancy.
E)P-to-O expectancy.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that employee performance is based on three variables: expectancy (V-to-E), instrumentality (E-to-P), and valence (P-to-O). Providing counselling and coaching to an employee who lacks self-confidence can increase the employee's belief in their ability to perform the task (V-to-E expectancy), which is captured by option B, E-to-P expectancy.

Question 10

According to four-drive theory,___________ are the conscious sources of human motivation.
A)co-workers
B)food and drink
C)emotional markers
D)drives
E)justice and equity

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to four-drive theory,___________ are the conscious...

Question 11

Employee motivation tends to increase when people are assigned to jobs for which they are qualified and they receive coaching to improve their self-confidence.Both of these practices improve employee motivation by:
A)reducing feelings of inequity.
B)increasing outcome valences.
C)satisfying existence needs.
D)increasing P-to-O expectancies.
E)increasing E-to-P expectancies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Employee motivation tends to increase when people...

Question 12

Expectancy theory mainly explains how employees:
A)have different needs at different times.
B)can use personal expectations to reduce work-related stress.
C)can motivate themselves through power.
D)have different levels of work effort based on their expectations of performance and reward outcomes.
E)compare their inputs and outcomes to other people.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that employees will have different levels of work effort based on their expectations of performance and rewards. This means that employees are motivated by the belief that their effort will lead to good performance and that good performance will be rewarded.

Question 13

Which motivation theory considers the individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in a particular level of performance?
A)Learned needs theory
B)Expectancy theory
C)Needs hierarchy theory
D)Equity theory
E)Four-drive theory

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory considers the individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in a particular level of performance. It suggests that individuals are motivated to exert effort when they believe that their effort will result in good performance and that good performance will be rewarded.

Question 14

According to expectancy theory,a reward that is not wanted has:
A)a high E-to-P expectancy.
B)an inappropriate comparison other.
C)a negative outcome valence.
D)a low P-to-O expectancy.
E)a low need for socialized power.

Accepted Answer

According to expectancy theory, an individual's motivation to perform a task is influenced by three factors - expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Valence refers to the value an individual places on the potential reward. If the reward is not wanted, it has a negative outcome valence, which decreases the individual's motivation to perform the task. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 15

Which motivation theory is based on the idea that work effort is directed toward behaviours that people believe will lead to desired outcomes?
A)Equity theory
B)ERG theory
C)Goal setting theory
D)Four-drive theory
E)Expectancy theory

Accepted Answer

The theory described in the question is Expectancy theory, which proposes that individuals will be motivated to exert effort if they believe that their effort will lead to high performance, high performance will lead to outcomes or rewards that they desire, and the value of those rewards is high enough to make the effort worthwhile.

Question 16

Which drive in four-drive theory is reactive rather than proactive?
A)Drive to acquire
B)Drive to learn
C)Drive to defend
D)Drive to bond
E)Drive for power

Accepted Answer

The drive to defend is reactive rather than proactive because it is triggered by a threat or challenge rather than being actively pursued.

Question 17

The main practical implication of four-drive theory is that:
A)companies should ensure everyone fulfills their social needs before status needs.
B)companies should avoid offering rewards with a high valence.
C)people experience a sense of fairness in the process,not just the outcomes.
D)companies should provide a balanced opportunity for employees to acquire,bond,learn,and defend.
E)employees should receive 360-degree feedback rather than just from their supervisor.

Accepted Answer

The main practical implication of four-drive theory is that companies should provide balanced opportunities for employees to acquire, bond, learn, and defend. This means that organizations should focus on fulfilling employees' innate needs for acquisition, belongingness, competence, and defense to enhance their motivation and engagement in the workplace. By providing a balanced opportunity for employees to fulfill these needs, companies can create a sense of well-being, job satisfaction, and loyalty among their employees. The other options are not directly related to the practical implications of four-drive theory.

Question 18

In expectancy theory,valence refers to the:
A)amount of effort a person puts towards a known goal.
B)individual's perceived probability of performing the task at a particular level.
C)anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels towards an outcome.
D)individual's perceived probability that his or her performance will lead to specific outcomes.
E)feelings that result from a comparison of the individual's outcome/input ratio with the outcome/input ratio of a comparison other.

Accepted Answer

Valence in expectancy theory refers to the degree of perceived satisfaction or dissatisfaction an individual feels about an outcome. It represents the personal value attached to an outcome, and can be positive or negative. Valence influences the motivation to engage in a particular behavior in order to achieve a desired outcome. It is an important factor in determining whether an individual will be motivated to put in effort towards a goal, even if they believe that the effort will lead to the desired outcome.

Question 19

According to four-drive theory,the drive ___________ is a fundamental ingredient in the success of organizations and development of societies.
A)to defend
B)for fairness
C)to bond
D)to acquire
E)to achieve goals

Accepted Answer

According to four-drive theory, the drive to bond is a fundamental ingredient in the success of organizations and development of societies. This drive fosters positive relationships, social connections, and a sense of belonging among employees, which ultimately leads to higher motivation, engagement, and productivity. The other drives listed (to defend, for fairness, to acquire, and to achieve goals) also play important roles in shaping human behavior and motivation but are not considered as fundamental as the drive to bond.

Question 20

Employees who believe that accomplishing a particular task will almost certainly result in a day off with pay would have:
A)an E-to-P expectancy above 100.
B)a P-to-O expectancy close to 1:0.
C)an outcome valence above 0:0.
D)an E-to-P expectancy close to minus 100.
E)a P-to-O expectancy close to 100.

Accepted Answer

A P-to-O expectancy close to 1:0 means that the employee believes that high effort will result in a high probability of the desired outcome. In this case, the desired outcome is a day off with pay, which has a positive valence. Therefore, the employee's motivation to achieve the task will be high. The other options are not applicable in this scenario.

Quiz 5: Foundations of Employee Motivation

Which of the following statements about expectancy theory is FALSE?

Which of these is found in the expectancy theory model?

Four-drive theory recommends:

Four-drive theory states that the four drives:

An individual's perceived probability that a particular level of effort will result in a particular level of performance refers to the:

Four-drive theory is based on the idea that:

Which theory most explicitly relies on emotions to explain employee motivation?

Expectancy theory mainly helps us to predict an individual's:

According to expectancy theory,providing counselling and coaching to an employee who lacks self-confidence is most likely to increase the employee's:

According to four-drive theory,___________ are the conscious sources of human motivation.

Employee motivation tends to increase when people are assigned to jobs for which they are qualified and they receive coaching to improve their self-confidence.Both of these practices improve employee motivation by:

Expectancy theory mainly explains how employees:

Which motivation theory considers the individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in a particular level of performance?

According to expectancy theory,a reward that is not wanted has:

Which motivation theory is based on the idea that work effort is directed toward behaviours that people believe will lead to desired outcomes?

Which drive in four-drive theory is reactive rather than proactive?

The main practical implication of four-drive theory is that:

In expectancy theory,valence refers to the:

According to four-drive theory,the drive ___________ is a fundamental ingredient in the success of organizations and development of societies.

Employees who believe that accomplishing a particular task will almost certainly result in a day off with pay would have: