Question 1

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the lightbulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem.They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem.

Accepted Answer

Holyoak and Koh presented two versions of the lightbulb problem, one with insufficient-intensity and one with fragile-glass. They found that the fragile-glass version was more effective in assisting in solving the radiation problem because it shared a common structural feature with the radiation problem. Therefore, the best choice is D, fragile-glass; structural.

Question 2

Convergent thinking

Accepted Answer

Convergent thinking aims to find a single, correct answer to a problem or question. It narrows down possibilities and focuses on logical solutions. Therefore, it has a correct answer.

Question 3

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s)an important role in solving scientific problems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text's discussion of the research on...

Question 4

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department.Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques.This research is an example of ____ research.

Accepted Answer

The description provided suggests that the researcher is studying problem-solving techniques in a real-world (in vivo) setting, rather than in a contrived laboratory environment or through interviews/surveys (think-aloud protocol). Situationally-produced mental set and environmental functional fixedness both refer to specific cognitive biases or limitations that can arise during problem-solving, and are not explicitly mentioned in the scenario provided.

Question 5

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day.Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year.For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix submits a variety of sketches as possible designs.In each design, it describes the concept as well as the floral materials that will be involved. This design process represents

Accepted Answer

The design process described in the passage involves generating multiple possible solutions, creative thinking, and imagining possible outcomes. This aligns with the concept of creative cognition.

Question 6

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

Accepted Answer

The analogical paradox highlights the discrepancy in problem-solving performance between laboratory settings, where people often struggle to use analogies, and real-world settings, where the use of analogies is more common and effective.

Question 7

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields.This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking.

Accepted Answer

Flexibility is more important than experience in creative thinking, as it allows scientists to think outside the box and make revolutionary discoveries.

Question 8

Experts _____ than novices.

Accepted Answer

Experts have more experience and knowledge to draw upon, allowing them to take a more effective and efficient approach to solving problems compared to novices. They may also have developed problem-solving strategies that novices lack.

Question 9

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice.Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled.His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them.With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son.Ali's use of the cartons represents

Accepted Answer

Ali's use of the cartons for multiple purposes represents divergent thinking, as he generated multiple creative ideas for using the cartons beyond their intended purpose.

Question 10

The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects, is an example of

Accepted Answer

The creative cognition approach that Finke used involves generating a wide range of possible solutions, which is characteristic of divergent thinking. This approach also emphasizes the importance of the ability to generate novel and creative ideas, rather than simply selecting the best option among predefined choices, which is associated with convergent thinking. While insight may play a role in this process, it is not specifically emphasized in the creative cognition approach. Means-end analysis is a problem-solving strategy that involves identifying the differences between the current state and the desired goal state, and developing intermediate steps to bridge that gap, which is not relevant to the creative cognition approach.

Question 11

To reduce the likelihood of design fixation when completing a creative design task, you should

Accepted Answer

Not presenting a sample design is the best choice to reduce the likelihood of design fixation, as it eliminates the possibility of participants being influenced or constrained by the presented design.

Question 12

Gentner and coworkers' studies show that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems.

Accepted Answer

Gentner and coworkers' studies indicate that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to structural features that enhance their ability to solve other problems.

Question 13

Experts categorize problems based on

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experts categorize problems based on
...

Question 14

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

Accepted Answer

Focusing on the structural features of problems means looking at the underlying principles, rules, and relationships that govern the problem. This allows for a deeper understanding of the problem and makes it easier to identify similarities between seemingly different problems. In contrast, focusing on surface features such as the appearance or context of the problem can be misleading and make it harder to see the underlying similarities. Therefore, people would be most successful at noticing analogous relationships between problems if they focus on structural features.

Question 15

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that expertise is often domain-specific, meaning that being an expert in one field does not necessarily transfer to better problem-solving abilities in another unrelated field.

Question 16

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

Accepted Answer

Finke's studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they made the objects themselves. This suggests that there is a connection between the act of creating and the ability to generate creative ideas.

Question 17

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts.Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

Accepted Answer

Preinventive forms refers to the novel objects created before a function is assigned to them.

Question 18

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays.Therefore, the two problems have very different

Accepted Answer

The answer of The fortress problem involves a fortress and...

Question 19

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

Accepted Answer

The three steps proposed by Gick and Holyoak for analogical problem solving are noticing similarities between the current problem and a previous solution to a similar problem (noticing), mapping the similarities onto the current problem to create a new representation of the problem (mapping), and then applying the solution from the previous problem to the current problem (applying). This can be remembered by the acronym NMA (Noticing, Mapping, Applying), which corresponds to choice B.

Question 20

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with ____ problems.

Accepted Answer

Divergent thinking involves generating multiple possible solutions to a problem, which is best suited for ill-defined problems that have multiple possible answers or solutions, rather than problems with a clear and defined answer or solution (well-defined). Source and target are not directly related to this concept.

Quiz 12: Problem Solving

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the lightbulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem.They found the version to be more effective, because it had features in common with the radiation problem.