Question 1

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant should:

Accepted Answer

Many developmental psychologists argue that soothing a crying infant helps the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver. This is because it signals to the infant that their needs for comfort and safety are being met, which builds trust and a sense of reliability in the caregiver. This secure attachment can have later implications for the child's social development and emotional regulation skills.

Question 2

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

Accepted Answer

Synchronous interactions refer to the mutually regulated exchanges between parents and infants, in which they respond to each other's behavior in a coordinated and reciprocal manner.

Question 3

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

Accepted Answer

A one-month-old infant's smile is primarily reflexive and not necessarily an indication of an emotional response. They have not yet developed the ability to smile socially or in response to external stimuli.

Question 4

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play-date and teases her about wearing night-time diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions.

Accepted Answer

Other-conscious emotions involve feeling embarrassed or ashamed because of what others may think or feel about us. Makiko's shame about wearing night-time diapers in front of her friend shows her concern for what her friend thinks of her. Therefore, the best choice is other-conscious emotions.

Question 5

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that _____ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

Accepted Answer

According to Jerome Kagan, the structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely for emotions that require thought to be experienced in the first year. The brain structures responsible for cognitive processing and regulation of emotions are not yet fully developed in infants.

Question 6

Which of the following is an emotional expression that infants display when interacting with parents?

Accepted Answer

Crying is a common emotional expression that infants display when interacting with parents. It can signify a variety of emotions such as hunger, discomfort, or distress. Pouting, growling, and sneering are not typically seen as emotional expressions in infants.

Question 7

Which of the following emotions is expressed by infants in the first six months of life?

Accepted Answer

Infants primarily express fear in the first six months of life, as they learn to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people and objects, and may exhibit a fear response to new or unexpected stimuli. Shame, embarrassment, and jealousy typically develop later in childhood.

Question 8

Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

Accepted Answer

The term "self-conscious" refers to emotions such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt, which require a sense of self-awareness and understanding of social norms. These emotions typically emerge in the second half of the first year through the second year of life, as children develop a greater sense of self and begin to understand social expectations.

Question 9

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

Accepted Answer

The sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath-holding is a classic indicator of pain in infants. They may cry this way if they are experiencing discomfort or something is bothering them. Other signs of pain in infants may include facial grimacing, clenched fists, and an arched back.

Question 10

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

Accepted Answer

Emotions help infants to organize their behavior, such as responding appropriately to stressful situations, seeking out familiar and comforting people or objects, and communicating their needs and wants.

Question 11

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being are known as:

Accepted Answer

Emotions are defined as feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being. Temperament refers to a person's innate and stable personality traits, while personality traits are enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior. Feeling states are a temporary state of emotional arousal that varies in intensity and duration.

Question 12

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

Accepted Answer

During infancy, emotions play an important role in communication. Infants often express their needs, wants, and feelings through emotions such as crying, smiling, or body language. These emotional cues help caregivers understand and respond to the infant's needs, promoting healthy social and emotional development.

Question 13

The interactions between parents and infants are described as _____ when all is going well.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal interactions describe a back-and-forth exchange between parents and infants, in which both parties contribute to shaping the interaction. This type of interaction is considered ideal when it is characterized by positive affect and responsiveness from both the parent and the infant. Unidirectional interactions would be one-sided, with only the parent or infant taking the lead. Asynchronous interactions may not be attuned to each other and unregulated interactions would lack the necessary structure for healthy social and emotional development.

Question 14

_____ is an emotion that occurs for the first time in infants at some point in the second half of the first year or during the second year of life.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is an emotion that occurs for...

Question 15

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the opinion of experts on...

Question 16

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Embeddedness in relationships actually enhances the diversity of emotional experiences because different social interactions create different emotions. Therefore, statement D is false.

Question 17

Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?

Accepted Answer

Pride is an "other-conscious" emotion because it involves the evaluation of oneself in relation to others, such as feeling proud after accomplishing something and receiving recognition from others. The other options are not necessarily "other-conscious" emotions. Interest can be a self-focused emotion, disgust can be experienced independently of others, and fear can be both self- and other-focused.

Question 18

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

The hunger cry is one of the three types of cries that babies have, along with the anger cry and the pain cry. Therefore, B is not the correct answer.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

Accepted Answer

Newborns actually respond with negative facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry, indicating that they may be experiencing distress or discomfort.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions are those that require a sense of self and an awareness of how others perceive and react to us. These include emotions such as shame, guilt, and pride, which all involve the emotional reactions of others towards our actions. Choice A is incorrect as self-conscious emotions are not present in all animals. Choice B is incorrect as self-conscious emotions typically emerge around 18 months to two years of age. Choice C is incorrect as the listed emotions are not self-conscious emotions, but rather basic emotions that are present in all humans and some animals.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy