Question 1

Which of the following is involved in a teleological view of life?

Accepted Answer

A teleological view of life involves ends,goals,and the ultimate good.Duty and obligation are subordinated to the production of what is good or desirable.

Question 2

Which of the following provides the foundation for a moral life built on religion?

Accepted Answer

From a religious point of view,the deity's laws are absolutes that must shape the whole of one's life,including work.Faith,rather than reason,intuition,or secular knowledge,provides the foundation for a moral life built on religion.

Question 3

Of the six universal stages of moral development identified by Kohlberg,which of the following traits is a manager most likely to display if he were at stage three of the conventional level?

Accepted Answer

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg built and empirically tested a comprehensive theory of moral development in which he claimed that moral judgment evolves and improves primarily as a function of age and education.If a manager was at the third stage of the conventional level,he is most likely to please others,conform to meet expectations,and adhere to stereotypical images.

Question 4

A(n) _____ ethical system emphasizes the consequences of an act.

Accepted Answer

Teleological ethical systems (often referred to as consequentialist ethical systems) are concerned with the consequences and the results of an act rather than the act itself.A teleological view of life involves ends,goals,and the ultimate good.

Question 5

Which of the following is a decisive argument in the criticism put forth by Carol Gilligan against Kohlberg's proposition on moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's colleague Carol Gilligan contends that our conceptions of morality are,in substantial part,gender-based.She claims that men typically approach morality as a function of justice,impartiality,and rights (the ethic of justice),whereas women are more likely to build a morality based on care,support,and responsiveness (the ethic of care).

Question 6

Virtue ethics focuses on the classic notion that the key to good ethics lies in a person's _____.

Accepted Answer

In the context of virtue ethics,in recent years,an increasing number of philosophers have argued that the key to good ethics lies not in rules,rights,and responsibilities but in the classic notion of character.As Plato and Aristotle argued,our attention should be given to strategies for encouraging desirable character traits such as honesty,fairness,compassion,and generosity.

Question 7

A(n) _____ believes that good must be weighed against evil in reaching an ethical decision.

Accepted Answer

According to the utilitarian approach,in reaching an ethical decision,good is to be weighed against evil.A decision that maximizes the ratio of good over evil for all those concerned is the ethical course.

Question 8

Which of the following is identified as the postconventional level of the six universal stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg identified six universal stages grouped into three levels.The third level is called postconventional or principled level.Stage 6 of this level involves following self-chosen universal ethical principles.In the event of conflicts,principles override laws.

Question 9

A father may be morally committed to saving his son from a burning building rather than saving another person who might do more total good for society.The action of the father would be primarily dictated by the _____ ethical system.

Accepted Answer

Relationships among people are important from a deontological perspective primarily because they create duties.A father may be bound by duty to save his son from a burning building rather than saving another person who could do more total good for society.

Question 10

A(n) _____ believes principle is primary and consequence is secondary or even irrelevant.

Accepted Answer

To the deontologist,principle is primary and consequence is secondary or even irrelevant.Maximizing right rather than good is the deontological standard.

Question 11

Identify the correct statement regarding Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative.

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Kant propounded the categorical imperative,the notion that every person should act on only those principles that he or she,as a rational person,would prescribe as universal laws to be applied to the whole of humankind.A moral rule is "categorical" rather than "hypothetical" in that its prescriptive force is independent of its consequences.

Question 12

If Kohlberg was correct,a consequence of adults not passing beyond level 2,that is,following rules only if it is in their own interest but letting others do the same and conforming to secure rewards,of the six universal stages is that:

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg found that many adults never pass beyond Level 2; that is,following rules only if it is in own interest but letting others do the same and conforming to secure rewards.Consequently,if Kohlberg was correct,many managers may behave unethically simply because they have not reached the upper stages of moral maturity.

Question 13

Which of the following ethical theories takes essentially a free market view of ethics?

Accepted Answer

Contemporary philosopher Robert Nozick,who built an ethical theory rooted in personal liberty,took essentially a free market stance toward ethics.For him,morality coincided with the maximization of personal freedom.Justice and fairness,right and wrong are measured not by equality of results (such as wealth) for all but from ensuring equal opportunity for all to engage in informed choices about their own welfare.

Question 14

Teleological ethical systems are often referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Teleological ethical systems (often referred to as consequentialist ethical systems) are concerned with the consequences,the results,of an act rather than the act itself.A teleological view of life involves ends,goals,and the ultimate good.

Question 15

Which of the following statements describes the formalistic view of ethics?

Accepted Answer

German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) developed perhaps the most persuasive and fully articulated vision of ethics as measured not by consequences (teleology) but by the rightness of rules.In this formalistic view of ethics,the rightness of an act depends little (or,in Kant's view,not at all) on the results of the act.

Question 16

Jenny is the CEO of a company that has been affected by an economic meltdown.She realizes that the only way for her company to remain in business during the period of recession is to cut costs drastically.She believes it would be better if all employees took a 10 percent pay cut instead of laying off 10 percent of the workers.She feels this is the correct decision as it would benefit the company and all the employees.Her approach is primarily influenced by the _____ ethical system.

Accepted Answer

Rule-utilitarianism requires us to follow those rules that generate the greatest value for society.Thus,the rule-utilitarian may be forced to shun a particular act that would result in greater immediate good (punishing a guilty person whose constitutional rights have been violated) in favor of upholding a broader rule that results in the greater total good over time (maintaining constitutional principles by freeing the guilty person).In this scenario,Jenny is primarily influenced by the rule-utilitarian ethical system.

Question 17

Which of the following universal stages is grouped under the conventional level?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg identified six universal stages grouped into three levels.The second level is called conventional level.Stage 3 of this level involves conforming to meet the expectations of others,pleasing others,and adhering to stereotypical images.

Question 18

Which of the following statements symbolizes the idea of a feminine "voice" in view of morality?

Accepted Answer

According to Carol Gilligan,men tend to take an impersonal,universal view of morality as contrasted with the feminine "voice" that rises more commonly from relationships and concern for the specific needs of others.Gilligan criticizes Kohlberg because his highest stages,5 (that current laws and values are relative) and 6 (that involves following self-chosen universal ethical principles),are structured in terms of the male approach to morality while the feminine voice falls at stage 3 (that involves conforming to meet the expectations of others,pleasing others,and adhering to stereotypical images).

Question 19

The principle that is most likely to be followed by a utilitarian is:

Accepted Answer

The rule-utilitarian may be forced to shun a particular act that would result in greater immediate good (punishing a guilty person whose constitutional rights have been violated) in favor of upholding a broader rule that results in the greater total good over time (maintaining constitutional principles by freeing the guilty person).In sum,the principle to be followed for the utilitarian is the greatest good for the greatest number.

Question 20

Which of the following is a commonly shared perspective on moral decision making by both Kohlberg and Gilligan?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg and Gilligan (and most moral philosophers) take the position that moral decision making is the controlled product of analysis,deliberation,and experience.In recent years,however,new psychological and neuroscience evidence has supported an alternative theory of morality that involves decision making by emotion or intuition.

Quiz 2: Business Ethics